ASCII

{{for|other uses|ASCII (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:ASCII full.svg|frame|There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126 (decimal) in the original code.]]
'''American Standard Code for Information Interchange''' ('''ASCII'''), generally pronounced ask-ee {{IPAEng|ˈæski}} ([http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/audio.pl?ascii001.wav=ASCII|audio]), is a [[character encoding]] based on the [[English alphabet]]. ASCII codes represent [[character (computing)|text]] in [[computer]]s, [[telecommunication|communications]] equipment, and other devices that work with text. Most modern [[character encoding]]s — which support many more characters than did the original — have a historical basis in ASCII.

Work on ASCII began in 1960. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963,<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9907/06/1963.idg/index.html Brandel, Mary. 1963: The Debut of ASCII]: History of the origin of the ASCII standard.</ref> a major revision in 1967, and the most recent update in 1986. It currently defines codes for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing, mostly obsolete [[control character]]s that affect how text is processed, and 95 are printable characters.


On [[March 11]], [[1968]], U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] mandated that all computers purchased by the United States federal government support ASCII, stating:
<blockquote><p>I have also approved recommendations of the Secretary of Commerce regarding standards for recording the Standard Code for Information Interchange on magnetic tapes and paper tapes when they are used in computer operations.</p>
<p>All computers and related equipment configurations brought into the Federal Government inventory on and after [[July 1]], [[1969]], must have the capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used.<ref>{{cite url|editor=Gerhard Peters|author=Lyndon B. Johnson|title=Memorandum Approving the Adoption by the Federal Government of a Standard Code for Information Interchange|date=[[March 11]], [[1968]]|publisher=[[The American Presidency Project]]|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28724}}</ref></p></blockquote>

== Overview ==
Like other character representation computer [[code]]s, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and the [[glyph]]s (i.e., symbols) of a written language. This allows [[digital]] devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information. The ASCII character encoding<ref>
International Organization for Standardization ([[December 1]], [[1975]]). "[http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ISO-IR/001.pdf The set of control characters for ISO 646]". ''Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Registry''. Alternate U.S. version: [http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ISO-IR/006.pdf]. Accessed [[August 7]], [[2005]].</ref> — or a compatible extension (see below) — is used on nearly all common computers, especially [[personal computer]]s and [[workstation]]s. The preferred [[MIME]] name for this encoding is "US-ASCII".<ref>
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ([[January 28]], [[2005]]). "[http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets Character Sets]". Accessed [[August 7]], [[2005]].</ref>

Except for a few of the [[#ASCII control characters|ASCII control characters]] that prescribe some elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as [[markup language]]s, address page and document layout and formatting.

==History==
ASCII is, strictly, a seven-[[bit]] code, meaning it uses patterns of seven binary digits (a range of 0 to 127 decimal) to represent each character. When ASCII was introduced, many computers used eight-bit [[byte]]s (groups of bits), called [[octet (computing)|octets]], as the native data type. In seven-bit ASCII encoding, the eighth bit was commonly used as a [[parity bit]] for error checking on communication lines or for other device-specific functions. Machines that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to ''0''.<ref>
{{cite book |coauthors=Sawyer A. Sawyer, Steven George Krantz | title=A Tex Primer for Scientists | publisher=CRC Press | page=13 | date=[[January 1]], [[1995]] | accessdate=2006-10-26 | language=English | id=ISBN 0-8493-7159-7 }}</ref>

The [[American National Standards Institute]] (then called the United States of America Standards Institute or USASI) developed ASCII based on earlier [[teleprinter]] encoding systems. Circa 1956, Ivan Idelson, at [[Ferranti]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], had proposed the Cluff-Foster-Idelson coding of characters on 7 track paper tape to a [[British Standards]] committee. This eventually becomes ASCII. ASCII itself first entered commercial use in 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for [[American Telephone & Telegraph]]'s [[TWX]] (Teletype Wide-area eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit [[Baudot code]], which was also used by the competing [[Telex]] teleprinter system. The Bell System had planned to upgrade to a six-bit code derived from the [[Fieldata]] project, which added punctuation and lower-case letters to the Baudot code, but was persuaded instead to join the American Standards Association (part of [[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]]) subcommittee that had started to develop ASCII.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Compared with earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII both underwent re-ordering for more convenient sorting (especially alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters. [[Bob Bemer]] introduced features such as the escape sequence.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9907/06/1963.idg/index.html Brandel, Mary. 1963: The Debut of ASCII]: History of the origin of the ASCII standard. (See second-to-last paragraph.)</ref> His British colleague [[Hugh McGregor Ross]] helped to popularize this work — according to Bemer, "so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer-Ross Code in Europe".<ref>[http://www.trailing-edge.com/~bobbemer/EUROPE.HTM Bemer meets Europe], (February, 1961) employed at [[IBM]] at that time</ref>

ASCII was subsequently updated and published as USASI X3.4-1968, ANSI X3.4-1977, and finally, ANSI X3.4-1986.

Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as [[ISO/IEC 646]] that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the [[English alphabet]] and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[pound sterling]] (£). Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII since ASCII only suited the needs of the USA and a few other countries. For example, Canada had its own version that supported French. Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, true ASCII is strictly defined only by ANSI standard.

ASCII has been incorporated into the [[Unicode]] character set as the first 128 symbols, so the ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows [[UTF-8]] to be [[Backward compatibility|backward compatible]] with ASCII, a significant advantage.

== ASCII control characters ==
ASCII reserves the first 32 codes (numbers 0–31 decimal) for [[control character]]s: codes originally intended not to carry printable information, but rather to control devices (such as [[computer printer|printer]]s) that make use of ASCII, or to provide meta-information about data streams such as those stored on magnetic tape. For example, character 10 represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "backspace".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Binary !! Oct !! Dec !! Hex !! Abbr !! PR{{ref|1|[a]}} !! CS{{ref|2|[b]}}!! CEC{{ref|3|[c]}}!! Description
|-
|000 0000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 000 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 0 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 00
|NUL || <big>{{unicode|␀}}</big> || [[Control-@|^@]] || \0 || align=left| [[Null character]]
|-
|000 0001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 001 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 1 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 01
|SOH || <big>{{unicode|␁}}</big> || ^A || || align=left| Start of Header
|-
|000 0010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 002 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 2 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 02
|STX || <big>{{unicode|␂}}</big> || ^B || || align=left| Start of Text
|-
|000 0011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 003 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 3 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 03
|ETX || <big>{{unicode|␃}}</big> || [[Control-C|^C]] || || align=left| [[End-of-text character|End of Text]]
|-
|000 0100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 004 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 4 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 04
|EOT || <big>{{unicode|␄}}</big> || [[Control-D|^D]] || || align=left| [[End-of-transmission character|End of Transmission]]
|-
|000 0101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 005 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 5 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 05
|ENQ || <big>{{unicode|␅}}</big> || ^E || || align=left| Enquiry
|-
|000 0110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 006 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 6 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 06
|ACK || <big>{{unicode|␆}}</big> || ^F || || align=left| [[Acknowledge character|Acknowledgment]]
|-
|000 0111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 007 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 7 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 07
|BEL
|<big>{{unicode|␇}}</big>
|[[Control-G|^G]]
| \a
| align=left| [[Bell character|Bell]]
|-
|000 1000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 010 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 8 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 08
|BS
|<big>{{unicode|␈}}</big>
|[[Control-H|^H]]
| \b
| align=left| [[Backspace]]{{ref|4|[d]}}{{ref_label|9|i|a}}
|-
|000 1001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 011 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 9 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 09
|HT
|<big>{{unicode|␉}}</big>
|[[Control-I|^I]]
| \t
| align=left| [[Tab key|Horizontal Tab]]
|-
|000 1010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 012 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 10 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 0A
|LF
|<big>{{unicode|␊}}</big>
|[[Control-J|^J]]
| \n
| align=left| [[Newline|Line feed]]
|-
|000 1011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 013 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 11 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 0B
|VT
|<big>{{unicode|␋}}</big>
|^K
| \v
| align=left| Vertical Tab
|-
|000 1100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 014 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 12 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 0C
|FF
|<big>{{unicode|␌}}</big>
|^L
| \f
| align=left| [[Form feed]]
|-
|000 1101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 015 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 13 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 0D
|CR
|<big>{{unicode|␍}}</big>
|[[Control-M|^M]]
| \r
| align=left| [[Carriage return]]{{ref|8|[h]}}
|-
|000 1110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 016 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 14 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 0E
|SO
|<big>{{unicode|␎}}</big>
|^N
|
| align=left| [[Shift Out and Shift In characters|Shift Out]]
|-
|000 1111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 017 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 15 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 0F
|SI
|<big>{{unicode|␏}}</big>
|^O
|
| align=left| [[Shift Out and Shift In characters|Shift In]]
|-
|001 0000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 020 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 16 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 10
|DLE
|<big>{{unicode|␐}}</big>
|^P
|
| align=left| Data Link Escape
|-
|001 0001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 021 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 17 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 11
|DC1
|<big>{{unicode|␑}}</big>
|^Q
|
| align=left| Device Control 1 (oft. [[XON/XOFF|XON]])
|-
|001 0010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 022 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 18 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 12
|DC2
|<big>{{unicode|␒}}</big>
|^R
|
| align=left| Device Control 2
|-
|001 0011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 023 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 19 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 13
|DC3
|<big>{{unicode|␓}}</big>
|^S
|
| align=left| Device Control 3 (oft. [[XON/XOFF|XOFF]])
|-
|001 0100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 024 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 20 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 14
|DC4
|<big>{{unicode|␔}}</big>
|^T
|
| align=left| Device Control 4
|-
|001 0101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 025 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 21 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 15
|NAK
|<big>{{unicode|␕}}</big>
|^U
|
| align=left| [[Negative-acknowledge character|Negative Acknowledgement]]
|-
|001 0110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 026 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 22 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 16
|SYN
|<big>{{unicode|␖}}</big>
|^V
|
| align=left| Synchronous Idle
|-
|001 0111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 027 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 23 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 17
|ETB
|<big>{{unicode|␗}}</big>
|^W
|
| align=left| End of Trans. Block
|-
|001 1000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 030 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 24 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 18
|CAN
|<big>{{unicode|␘}}</big>
|^X
|
| align=left| [[Cancel character|Cancel]]
|-
|001 1001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 031 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 25 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 19
|EM
|<big>{{unicode|␙}}</big>
|^Y
|
| align=left| End of Medium
|-
|001 1010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 032 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 26 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 1A
|SUB
|<big>{{unicode|␚}}</big>
|[[Control-Z|^Z]]
|
| align=left| [[Substitute character|Substitute]]
|-
|001 1011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 033 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 27 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 1B
|ESC
|<big>{{unicode|␛}}</big>
|^<nowiki>[</nowiki>
| \e{{ref|6|[f]}}
| align=left| [[Escape character|Escape]]{{ref|7|[g]}}
|-
|001 1100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 034 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 28 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 1C
|FS
|<big>{{unicode|␜}}</big>
|^\
|
| align=left| File Separator
|-
|001 1101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 035 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 29 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 1D
|GS
|<big>{{unicode|␝}}</big>
|^<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|
| align=left| Group Separator
|-
|001 1110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 036 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 30 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 1E
|RS
|<big>{{unicode|␞}}</big>
|^^
|
| align=left| Record Separator
|-
|001 1111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 037 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 31 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 1F
|US
|<big>{{unicode|␟}}</big>
|^_
|
| align=left| Unit Separator
|-
|colspan="9"|
|-
|111 1111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 177 ||style="background:#CFF;"| 127 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 7F
|DEL
|<big>{{unicode|␡}}</big>
|^?
|
| align=left| Delete{{ref|5|[e]}}{{ref_label|9|i|b}}
|}
<div class="references-small">
* {{note|1|[a]}} Printable Representation, the [[Unicode]] characters from the area U+2400 to U+2421 reserved for representing control characters when it is necessary to print or display them rather than have them perform their intended function. Some browsers may not display these properly.
* {{note|2|[b]}} Control key Sequence/[[caret notation]], the traditional key sequences for inputting control characters. The caret (^) represents the "Control" or "Ctrl" key that must be held down while pressing the second key in the sequence. The caret-key representation is also used by some software to represent control characters.
* {{note|3|[c]}} Character Escape Codes in [[C (programming language)|C programming language]] and many other languages influenced by it, such as [[Java (programming language)|Java]] and [[Perl]].
* {{note|4|[d]}} The Backspace character can also be entered by pressing the "Backspace", "Bksp", or ← key on some systems.
* {{note|5|[e]}} The Delete character can also be entered by pressing the "Delete" or "Del" key. It can also be entered by pressing the "Backspace", "Bksp", or ← key on some systems.
* {{note|6|[f]}} The '\e' escape sequence is not part of ISO C and many other language specifications. However, it is understood by several compilers.
* {{note|7|[g]}} The Escape character can also be entered by pressing the "Escape" or "Esc" key on some systems.
* {{note|8|[h]}} The Carriage Return character can also be entered by pressing the "Return", "Ret", "Enter", or ↵ key on most systems.
* [i]{{note_label|9|[i]|a}}{{note_label|9|[i]|b}} The ambiguity surrounding Backspace comes from mismatches between the intent of the human or software transmitting the Backspace and the interpretation by the software receiving it. If the transmitter expects Backspace to erase the previous character and the receiver expects Delete to be used to erase the previous character, many receivers will echo the Backspace as "^H", just as they would echo any other uninterpreted control character. (A similar mismatch in the other direction may yield Delete displayed as "^?".)
</div>

The original ASCII standard used only short descriptive phrases for each control character. The ambiguity this left was sometimes intentional (where a character would be used slightly differently on a terminal link than on a data stream) and sometimes more accidental (such as what "delete" means).

Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the [[ASR-33 Teletype]] series, which was a printing terminal with an available [[punched tape|paper tape]] reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage up through the 1980s, lower cost and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In particular, the Teletype 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (Control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (Control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF), and 127 (DELete) became de-facto standards. Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of underscore), a noncompliant use of code 15 (Control-O, Shift In) interpreted as "delete previous character" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually faded out.

The use of Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for "transmit off") as a handshaking signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending overflow, and Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") to resume sending, persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems Control-S retains its meaning but Control-Q is replaced by a second Control-S to resume output.

Code 127 is officially named "delete" but the Teletype label was "rubout". Since the original standard gave no detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, the same as NUL (all zeroes). This was specifically useful for [[punched tape|paper tape]], because punching the all-ones bit pattern on top of an existing mark would obliterate it. Tapes designed to be "hand edited" could even be produced with spaces of extra NULs (blank tape) so that a block of characters could be "rubbed out" and then replacements put into the empty space.

As video terminals began to replace printing ones, the value of the "rubout" character was lost. DEC systems, for example, interpreted "Delete" to mean "remove the character before the cursor," and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems. Most other systems used "Backspace" for that meaning and used "Delete" as it was used on paper tape, to mean "remove the character after the cursor". That latter interpretation is the most common today.

Many more of the control codes have taken on meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (code 27), for example, was originally intended to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this meaning has been coopted and has eventually drifted. In modern use, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence, usually in the form of an [[ANSI escape code]]. An ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an "out of band" character used to terminate an operation, as in the [[Text Editor and Corrector|TECO]] and [[vi]] text editors.

The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, has also created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The clearest example of this is the [[newline]] problem on various [[operating system]]s. On printing terminals there is no question that you terminate a line of text with both "Carriage Return" and "Linefeed". The first returns the printing carriage to the beginning of the line and the second advances to the next line without moving the carriage. However, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduced unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters, plain text files on Unix systems use line feeds alone to separate lines. Similarly, older Macintosh systems, among others, use only carriage returns in plain text files. Various [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] operating systems used both characters to mark the end of a line, perhaps for compatibility with [[Teleprinter|teletypes]], and this de facto standard was copied in the [[CP/M]] operating system and then in [[MS-DOS]] and eventually [[Microsoft Windows]]. Transmission of text over the [[Internet]], for protocols as [[E-mail]] and the [[World Wide Web]], uses both characters. The DEC operating systems, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file (also done for CP/M compatibility in some cases in MS-DOS, though MS-DOS has always recorded exact file-lengths). Control-C (ETX, End of TeXt) might have made more sense, but was already in wide use as a program abort signal. UNIX's use of Control-D (EOT, End of Transmission) appears on its face similar, but is used only from the terminal and never stored in a file.

While the codes mentioned above have retained some semblance of their original meanings, many of the codes originally intended for stream delimiters or for link control on a terminal have lost all meaning except their relation to a letter. Control-A is almost never used to mean "start of header" except on an ANSI magnetic tape. When connecting a terminal to a system, or asking the system to recognize that a logged-out terminal wants to log in, modern systems are much more likely to want a carriage return or an ESCape than Control-E (ENQuire, meaning "is there anybody out there?").

The abbreviation ASCIIZ or [[ASCIZ]] refers to a [[null-terminated]] ASCII [[string (computer science)|string]] (also known as a [[C string]]).

=== Non-whitespace control characters ===
[http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2822.html RFC 2822] refers to NO-WS-CTL, non-whitespace control characters. These are control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed, and white space characters (see [http://www.tech-invite.com/Ti-imf-abnf.html here]), i.e.: decimal 1–8, 11–12, 14–31, and 127.

== ASCII printable characters ==
Code 32, the [[Space (punctuation)|"space" character]], denotes the space between words, as produced by the space-bar of a keyboard. Codes 33 to 126, known as the printable characters, represent letters, digits, punctuation marks, and a few miscellaneous symbols.

Seven-bit ASCII provided seven "national" characters and, if the combined hardware and software permit, can use overstrikes to simulate some additional international characters: in such a scenario a backspace can precede a [[grave accent]] (which the American and British standards, but only those standards, also call "opening single quotation mark"), a backtick, or a breath mark (inverted vel).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:left;"
|-
!Binary !! [[Octal|Oct]] !! [[Decimal system|Dec]] !! [[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !! Glyph
|-
|010 0000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 040 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 32 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 20 ||style="border:1px dashed blue; background-color: white; font-size:xx-small; color: silver"| [[Space (punctuation)|SP]]
|-
|010 0001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 041 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 33 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 21 ||[[Exclamation mark|!]]
|-
|010 0010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 042 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 34 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 22 || [[Quotation mark|"]]
|-
|010 0011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 043 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 35 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 23 || [[Number sign|#]]
|-
|010 0100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 044 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 36 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 24 || [[Dollar sign|$]]
|-
|010 0101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 045 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 37 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 25 || [[Percent sign|%]]
|-
|010 0110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 046 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 38 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 26 || [[Ampersand|&]]
|-
|010 0111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 047 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 39 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 27 || [[apostrophe|']]
|-
|010 1000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 050 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 40 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 28 || [[Bracket|(]]
|-
|010 1001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 051 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 41 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 29 || [[Bracket|)]]
|-
|010 1010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 052 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 42 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 2A || [[Asterisk|*]]
|-
|010 1011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 053 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 43 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 2B || [[Plus sign|+]]
|-
|010 1100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 054 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 44 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 2C || [[Comma (punctuation)|,]]
|-
|010 1101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 055 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 45 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 2D || [[Hyphen|-]]
|-
|010 1110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 056 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 46 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 2E || [[Full stop|.]]
|-
|010 1111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 057 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 47 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 2F || [[Slash (punctuation)|/]]
|-
|011 0000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 060 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 48 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 30 || [[0]]
|-
|011 0001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 061 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 49 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 31 || [[1 (number)|1]]
|-
|011 0010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 062 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 50 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 32 || [[2 (number)|2]]
|-
|011 0011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 063 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 51 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 33 || [[3 (number)|3]]
|-
|011 0100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 064 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 52 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 34 || [[4 (number)|4]]
|-
|011 0101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 065 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 53 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 35 || [[5 (number)|5]]
|-
|011 0110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 066 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 54 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 36 || [[6 (number)|6]]
|-
|011 0111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 067 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 55 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 37 || [[7 (number)|7]]
|-
|011 1000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 070 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 56 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 38 || [[8 (number)|8]]
|-
|011 1001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 071 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 57 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 39 || [[9 (number)|9]]
|-
|011 1010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 072 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 58 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 3A || [[Colon (punctuation)|:]]
|-
|011 1011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 073 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 59 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 3B || [[Semicolon|;]]
|-
|011 1100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 074 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 60 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 3C || [[Less than sign|<]]
|-
|011 1101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 075 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 61 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 3D || [[Equals sign|=]]
|-
|011 1110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 076 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 62 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 3E || [[Greater than sign|>]]
|-
|011 1111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 077 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 63 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 3F || [[Question mark|?]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|- valign="bottom"
!Binary !! [[Octal|Oct]] !! [[Decimal system|Dec]] !! [[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !! Glyph
|-
|100 0000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 100 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 64 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 40 || [[@]]
|-
|100 0001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 101 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 65 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 41 || [[A]]
|-
|100 0010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 102 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 66 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 42 || [[B]]
|-
|100 0011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 103 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 67 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 43 || [[C]]
|-
|100 0100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 104 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 68 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 44 || [[D]]
|-
|100 0101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 105 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 69 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 45 || [[E]]
|-
|100 0110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 106 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 70 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 46 || [[F]]
|-
|100 0111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 107 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 71 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 47 || [[G]]
|-
|100 1000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 110 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 72 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 48 || [[H]]
|-
|100 1001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 111 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 73 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 49 || [[I]]
|-
|100 1010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 112 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 74 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 4A || [[J]]
|-
|100 1011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 113 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 75 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 4B || [[K]]
|-
|100 1100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 114 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 76 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 4C || [[L]]
|-
|100 1101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 115 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 77 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 4D || [[M]]
|-
|100 1110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 116 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 78 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 4E || [[N]]
|-
|100 1111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 117 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 79 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 4F || [[O]]
|-
|101 0000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 120 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 80 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 50 || [[P]]
|-
|101 0001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 121 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 81 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 51 || [[Q]]
|-
|101 0010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 122 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 82 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 52 || [[R]]
|-
|101 0011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 123 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 83 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 53 || [[S]]
|-
|101 0100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 124 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 84 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 54 || [[T]]
|-
|101 0101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 125 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 85 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 55 || [[U]]
|-
|101 0110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 126 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 86 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 56 || [[V]]
|-
|101 0111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 127 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 87 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 57 || [[W]]
|-
|101 1000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 130 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 88 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 58 || [[X]]
|-
|101 1001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 131 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 89 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 59 || [[Y]]
|-
|101 1010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 132 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 90 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 5A || [[Z]]
|-
|101 1011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 133 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 91 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 5B || [[Bracket|<nowiki>[</nowiki>]]
|-
|101 1100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 134 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 92 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 5C || [[Backslash|\]]
|-
|101 1101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 135 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 93 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 5D || [[Bracket|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]
|-
|101 1110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 136 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 94 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 5E || [[Caret|^]]
|-
|101 1111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 137 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 95 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 5F || [[Underscore|_]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|- valign="bottom"
!Binary !! [[Octal|Oct]] !! [[Decimal system|Dec]] !! [[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !! Glyph
|-
|110 0000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 140 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 96 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 60 || [[Grave accent|`]]
|-
|110 0001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 141 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 97 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 61 || [[a]]
|-
|110 0010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 142 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 98 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 62 || [[b]]
|-
|110 0011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 143 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 99 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 63 || [[c]]
|-
|110 0100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 144 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 64 || [[d]]
|-
|110 0101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 145 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 65 || [[e]]
|-
|110 0110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 146 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 102 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 66 || [[f]]
|-
|110 0111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 147 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 103 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 67 || [[g]]
|-
|110 1000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 150 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 104 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 68 || [[h]]
|-
|110 1001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 151 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 105 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 69 || [[i]]
|-
|110 1010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 152 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 106 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 6A || [[j]]
|-
|110 1011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 153 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 107 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 6B || [[k]]
|-
|110 1100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 154 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 108 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 6C || [[l]]
|-
|110 1101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 155 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 109 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 6D || [[m]]
|-
|110 1110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 156 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 6E || [[n]]
|-
|110 1111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 157 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 6F || [[o]]
|-
|111 0000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 160 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 112 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 70 || [[p]]
|-
|111 0001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 161 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 113 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 71 || [[q]]
|-
|111 0010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 162 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 114 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 72 || [[r]]
|-
|111 0011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 163 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 115 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 73 || [[s]]
|-
|111 0100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 164 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 116 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 74 || [[t]]
|-
|111 0101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 165 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 117 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 75 || [[u]]
|-
|111 0110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 166 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 118 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 76 || [[v]]
|-
|111 0111 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 167 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 119 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 77 || [[w]]
|-
|111 1000 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 170 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 120 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 78 || [[x]]
|-
|111 1001 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 171 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 121 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 79 || [[y]]
|-
|111 1010 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 172 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 122 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 7A || [[z]]
|-
|111 1011 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 173 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 123 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 7B || [[Bracket|{]]
|-
|111 1100 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 174 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 124 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 7C || [[Vertical bar||]]
|-
|111 1101 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 175 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 125 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 7D || [[Bracket|}]]
|-
|111 1110 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 176 ||style="background:#CCFFFF;"| 126 ||style="background:lightblue;"| 7E || [[Tilde|~]]
|}
{{clear}}

== Structural features ==
* The digits 0–9 are represented with their values in binary prefixed with 0011 (this means that converting [[Binary-coded decimal|BCD]] to ASCII is simply a matter of taking each BCD [[nibble]] separately and prefixing 0011 to it).
* Lowercase and uppercase letters only differ in bit pattern by a single bit, simplifying case conversion to a range test (to avoid converting characters that are not letters) and a single [[bitwise operation]]. Fast case conversion is important because it is often used in case-ignoring search algorithms.
* In contrast with [[EBCDIC]], the lowercase and uppercase letters each occupy 26 consecutive positions.

== Aliases ==
RFC 1345 (published in June 1992) and the [http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets IANA registry of character sets] (ongoing), both recognize the following case-insensitive aliases for ASCII as suitable for use on the Internet:<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* ANSI_X3.4-1968 (canonical name)
* ANSI_X3.4-1986
* ASCII (with ASCII-7 and ASCII-8 variants)
* US-ASCII (preferred MIME name)
* us
* ISO646-US
* ISO_646.irv:1991
* iso-ir-6
* IBM367
* cp367
* csASCII
</div>

Of these, only the aliases "US-ASCII" and "ASCII" have achieved widespread use. One often finds them in the optional "charset" parameter in the Content-Type header of some [[MIME]] messages, in the equivalent "meta" element of some [[HTML]] documents, and in the encoding declaration part of the prolog of some [[XML]] documents.

== Variants ==
As computer technology spread throughout the world, different standards bodies and corporations developed many variations of ASCII in order to facilitate the expression of non-English languages that used Roman-based alphabets. One could class some of these variations as "ASCII [[Extended ASCII|extensions]]", although some misuse that term to cover all variants, including those that do not preserve ASCII's character-map in the 7-bit range.

The [[PETSCII]] Code used by [[Commodore International]] for their 8-bit systems is probably unique among post-1970 codes in being based on ASCII-1963 instead of the far more common ASCII-1967.

=== Incompatibility vs interoperability ===
[[ISO/IEC 646]] (1972), the first attempt to remedy ASCII's English language bias, created compatibility problems, since it remained a 7-bit character-set. It made no additional codes available, so it reassigned some in language-specific variants. It thus became impossible to know what character a code represented without knowing which variant to work with, and text-processing systems could generally cope with only one variant anyway.

A German, French, or Swedish, etc., programmer had to get used to
<br><code>ä aÄiÜ='Ön'; ü</code>
<br>or similar, instead of
<br><code>{ a[i]='\n'; }</code>

Eventually, improved technology brought [[out-of-band]] means to represent the information formerly encoded in the eighth bit of each byte, freeing this bit to add another 128 additional character-codes for new assignments.

For example, [[IBM]] developed 8-bit [[code page]]s, such as [[code page 437]], which replaced the control-characters with graphic symbols such as [[smiley]] faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. Operating systems such as [[DOS]] supported these code-pages, and manufacturers of [[IBM PC]]s supported them in hardware. [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] developed the [[Multinational Character Set]] (DEC-MCS) for use in the popular [[VT220]] [[computer terminal|terminal]].

Eight-bit standards such as [[ISO/IEC 8859]] (derived from the DEC-MCS) and [[Mac OS Roman]] developed as true extensions of ASCII, leaving the original character-mapping intact, but adding additional character definitions after the first 128 (i.e., 7-bit) characters. This enabled representation of characters used in a broader range of languages. But these standards continued to suffer from incompatibilities and limitations. Still, [[ISO/IEC 8859-1#ISO-8859-1|ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1)]], its variant [[Windows-1252]] (often mislabeled as ISO-8859-1), and the original 7-bit ASCII remain the most common character encodings in use today.

=== Unicode ===
[[Unicode]] and the ISO/IEC 10646 [[Universal Character Set]] (UCS) have a much wider array of characters, and their various encoding forms have begun to supplant ISO/IEC 8859 and ASCII rapidly in many environments. While ASCII is limited to 128 characters, Unicode and the UCS support unlimited characters by separating the concepts of unique identification (using [[natural number]]s called ''code points'') and encoding (such as to 7- or 8-bit binary formats).

To permit backward compatibility, the 128 ASCII and 256 ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1) characters are assigned Unicode/UCS code points that are the same as their codes in the earlier standards. Therefore, ASCII can be considered a 7-bit encoding scheme for a very small subset of Unicode/UCS, and, conversely, the [[UTF-7]] and [[UTF-8]] encoding forms are binary-compatible with ASCII for code points below 128, meaning every properly encoded ASCII file is also a valid UTF-8 and UTF-7 file. Other encoding forms such as [[UTF-16]] resemble ASCII in how they represent the first 128 characters of Unicode, but tend to use 16 or 32 bits per character, so they require conversion for compatibility.

== Order ==
[[Collation]] of data is sometimes done in ASCII-code order rather than "standard" alphabetical order. The main deviations are:
* capitals come before lowercase letters, i.e. "Z" before "a"
* characters in extended character sets such as "é" come after "z"
The [[Blend (linguistics)|blend]] word ''ASCIIbetical'' is sometimes used for this order.<ref>[http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=ASCIIbetical&i=38025,00.asp ASCIIbetical].</ref>
In programming, ''alphanumeric'' sorting means to sort by numeric value, without regard of any character set. An alphanumerically sorted array of bytes will appear ASCIIbetically when viewed in an ASCII-compatible character set.

A refined version of this order converts uppercase letters to lowercase before comparing ASCII values.

== Culture ==
* Asteroid [[3568 ASCII]] is named after the character encoding.

== See also ==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* [[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI)
* [[ASCII art]]
* [[ASCII Ribbon Campaign]]
* [[Binary numeral system|Binary]]
* [[Bob Bemer]]
* [[Control character]]
* [[Latin characters in Unicode]]
* [[Text file]]
* [[Text game]]s
* [[Unicode]]

=== ASCII extensions ===
(where all ASCII printable characters are identical to ASCII)
* [[Extended ASCII]]
* [[Indian Script Code for Information Interchange]] (ISCII)
* [[ISO/IEC 8859]] multi-part standard
* [[ISO/IEC 8859-1]] the Western European languages part
* [[Mac OS Roman]]
* [[UTF-8]]
* [[Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange]] (VISCII)
* [[Windows code page]]s

=== ASCII variants ===
(where some ASCII printable characters have been replaced)
* [[ATASCII]] – [[Atari]] Standard Code for Information Interchange
* [[Galaksija#Character ROM|Galaksija character set]] – character set of [[Galaksija]] kit computer
* [[ISO/IEC 646]]
* [[PETSCII]] – [[Commodore PET|PET]] Standard Code of Information Interchange, also known as [[Commodore International|CBM]] ASCII
* [[YUSCII]] – [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] Standard Code for Information Interchange
* [[ZX Spectrum character set]]
</div>

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |title=Tom Jennings | work=World Power Systems:Texts:Annotated history of character codes | url=http://wps.com/projects/codes/ | accessdate=2006-11-06}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.wps.com/projects/codes/index.html A history of ASCII, its roots and predecessors] by [[Tom Jennings]], [[October 29]] [[2004]] (accessed [[December 17]] [[2005]])
* [http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/~sburke/stuff/pronunciation-guide.txt A pronunciation guide for ASCII characters] 
* [http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~goerz/verschiedenes/ascii.pdf Another Printable ASCII Table]
* [http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ANSI+INCITS+4-1986+(R2002) ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2002)] Information Systems – Coded Character Sets – 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII)
* [http://boujemong.blogspot.com/2006/12/mini-projects-ok-so-it-pains-me-to-say.html ASCII to 8-bit binary converter and source code]
* [http://boujemong.blogspot.com/2007/01/blog-post_03.html ASCII to ASCII CODE converter and source code]
* [http://www.jimprice.com/jim-asc.htm ASCII Chart, how to send documents "in ASCII", etc]
* [http://www.visual-integrity.com/format-ascii.htm Convert PDF, PostScript, WMF and EMF to ASCII]
* [http://software.ellerton.net/txt2bin/ Interactive AJAX-style ASCII (and Unicode) Decoder Table] 
* [http://www.paulschou.com/tools/xlate/ Online Encoder/Decoder for ASCII, HEX, Binary, Base64, etc with MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA1+2, CRC, and other hashing algorithms] 
* [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf The ASCII subset] of [[Unicode]]
* Thoughts on the Past and Future [http://www.trailing-edge.com/~bobbemer/ with computer pioneer Bob Bemer]

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Acronyms]]
[[Category:Character encoding]]
[[Category:Character sets]]
[[Category:Latin alphabet representations]]
[[Category:Presentation layer protocols]]

{{Link FA|es}}

[[als:ASCII]]
[[ar:آسكي]]
[[ast:ASCII]]
[[zh-min-nan:ASCII]]
[[bs:ASCII]]
[[bg:ASCII]]
[[bn:অ্যাস্‌কি]]
[[ca:ASCII]]
[[cs:ASCII]]
[[da:ASCII]]
[[de:American Standard Code for Information Interchange]]
[[et:ASCII]]
[[el:ASCII]]
[[es:American Standard Code for Information Interchange]]
[[eo:Askio]]
[[eu:ASCII]]
[[fa:اسکی (استاندارد)]]
[[fr:American Standard Code for Information Interchange]]
[[ga:ASCII]]
[[gl:ASCII]]
[[ko:ASCII]]
[[hr:ASCII]]
[[id:ASCII]]
[[ia:ASCII]]
[[it:ASCII]]
[[he:ASCII]]
[[ku:ASCII]]
[[lv:ASCII]]
[[lb:American Standard Code for Information Interchange]]
[[lt:ASCII]]
[[hu:ASCII]]
[[ms:ASCII]]
[[nl:ASCII (tekenset)]]
[[ja:ASCII]]
[[no:ASCII]]
[[nn:ASCII]]
[[nds:ASCII]]
[[pl:ASCII]]
[[pt:ASCII]]
[[ksh:ASCII]]
[[ro:ASCII]]
[[ru:ASCII]]
[[sq:ASCII]]
[[sk:ASCII]]
[[sl:ASCII]]
[[sr:ASCII]]
[[fi:ASCII]]
[[sv:ASCII]]
[[kab:ASCII]]
[[th:แอสกี]]
[[vi:ASCII]]
[[tr:ASCII]]
[[uk:ASCII]]
[[ur:امریکی معیاری رمز براۓ اطلاعاتی تبادلہ]]
[[zh:ASCII]]