Abydos,_Egypt

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'''Abydos''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: أبيدوس, [[Greek language|Greek]] Αβυδος), one of the most ancient cities of [[Upper and Lower Egypt|Upper Egypt]], is about 11 km (6 miles) west of the [[Nile]] at latitude 26° 10' N. It was the capital of the eighth [[Nome (Egypt)|Nome]] of [[Upper Egypt]]. The [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] name of both the Nome and its capital city was Abdju (technically, ''3b<u>d</u>w'', hieroglyphs shown to the right), "the hill of the symbol or reliquary," in which the sacred head of [[Osiris]] was preserved. The Greeks named it [[Abydos, Hellespont|Abydos]], like the city on the [[Hellespont]]; the modern [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name is [[el-'Araba el Madfuna]] ({{lang-ar|العربة المدفونة}} ''al-ʿarabah al-madfunah'').

Considered one of the most important archaeological sites of ancient Egypt (near the town of [[al-Balyana]]), the sacred city of Abydos was the site of many ancient temples, including a royal necropolis<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', searching "Abydos" [http://www.britannica.com/search?query=Abydos&ct= EncBrit-Abydos]</ref> where early pharaohs were entombed.

Abydos became notable for the Great Temple of Abydos, of [[Seti I]], which contains a tunnel displaying the "[[Abydos King List]]": a chronological list showing [[cartouche]] names of most dynastic [[pharaoh]] of Egypt from the first, [[Narmer]]/[[Menes]], until the pharaohs of the last dynasty.
[[Image:Abydos.jpg|thumb|250px|Location of Abydos on the map of [[Egypt]].]]



==History==
The history of the city begins in the late prehistoric age, it having been founded by the rulers of the [[Predynastic Period of Egypt|Predynastic period]],<ref>[[William Flinders Petrie]], ''Abydos'', ii. 64</ref> whose town, temple and tombs have been found there. The kings of the [[First dynasty of Egypt|first dynasty]], and some of the second dynasty, were also buried here, and the temple was renewed and enlarged by them. Great forts were built on the desert behind the town by three kings of the [[Second dynasty of Egypt|second dynasty]]. The temple and town continued to be rebuilt at intervals down to the times of the [[Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt|30th dynasty]], and the cemetery was used continuously. In the [[twelfth dynasty of Egypt|12th dynasty]] a gigantic tomb was cut in the rock by [[Senusret III]]. [[Seti I]], in the [[Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt|19th dynasty]], founded a great new temple to the south of the town in honor of the ancestral kings of the early dynasties; this was finished by [[Ramesses II]], who also built a lesser temple of his own. [[Merneptah]] added a great [[Hypogeum]] of Osiris to the temple of Seti. The latest building was a new temple of [[Nectanebo I]] in the 30th dynasty. From [[Ptolemaic Period|Ptolemaic]] times the place continued to decay and no later works are known.<ref>Petrie, ''Abydos'', i. and ii.</ref>

==Worship==
[[Image:Journey of the dead to Abydos.jpg|right|thumb|Tomb relief depicting the vizier Nespeqashuty and wife KetjKetj making the journey of the dead to the holy city of Abydos. From [[Deir el-Bahri]], [[Late Period of ancient Egypt|Late Period]], [[Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty XXVI]], reign of [[Psammetichus I]].]]
The worship here was of the jackal god [[Wepwawet]], who "opened the way" to the realm of the dead, increasing from the first dynasty to the time of the 12th dynasty and then disappearing after the 18th. [[Anhur]] appears in the eleventh dynasty; and [[Anubis]], the god of the western Hades, rises to importance in the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] and then vanishes in the 18th. The worship here of [[Osiris]] in his various forms begins in the 12th dynasty and becomes more important in later times, so that at last the whole place was considered as sacred to him.<ref>''Abydos'', ii. 47</ref>

==Temples built==
[[Image:Abydos Seti I.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Temple of Seti I, Abydos]]
The temples successively built here on one site were nine or ten in number, from the 1st dynasty to the [[twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt|26th dynasty]]. The first was an enclosure, about 30 × 50 ft., surrounded by a thin wall of unbaked bricks. Covering one wall of this came the second temple of about 40 ft. square in a wall about 10 ft. thick. An outer ''temenos'' (enclosure) wall surrounded the ground. This outer wall was thickened about the 2nd or [[Third dynasty of Egypt|3rd dynasty]]. The old temple entirely vanished in the 4th dynasty, and a smaller building was erected behind it, enclosing a wide hearth of black ashes.
Pottery models of offerings are found in the ashes, and these were probably the substitutes for sacrifices decreed by [[Khufu (pharaoh)|Khufu]] (or Cheops) in his temple reforms.

A great clearance of temple offerings was made now, or earlier, and a chamber full of them has yielded the fine ivory carvings and the glazed figures and tiles which show the splendid work of the 1st dynasty. A vase of [[Menes]] with purple inlaid [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphs]] in green glaze and the tiles with relief figures are the most important pieces. The noble statuette of Cheops in ivory, found in the stone chamber of the temple, gives the only portrait of this greatest ruler.

The temple was rebuilt entirely on a larger scale by [[Pepi I Meryre|Pepi I]] in the [[Sixth dynasty of Egypt|6th dynasty]]. He placed a great stone gateway to the temenos, an outer temenos wall and gateway, with a colonnade between the gates. His temple was about 40 × 50 ft. inside, with stone gateways front and back, showing that it was of the processional type. In the [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|11th dynasty]] [[Mentuhotep I]] added a colonnade and altars. Soon after, [[Mentuhotep II]] entirely rebuilt the temple, laying a stone pavement over the area, about 45 feet square, besides subsidiary chambers. Soon after [[Senusret I]] in the 12th dynasty laid massive foundations of stone over the pavement of his predecessor. A great temenos was laid out enclosing a much larger area, and the temple itself was about three times the earlier size.

==18th dynasty==
[[Image:Abydos King List.jpg|thumb|200px|Part of the Abydos King List]]The [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|18th dynasty]] began with a large chapel of [[Ahmose I]], and then [[Thutmose III]] built a far larger temple, about 130 × 200 ft. He made also a processional way past the side of the temple to the cemetery beyond, with a great gateway of granite. [[Ramesses III]] added a large building; and [[Ahmose II]] in the 26th dynasty rebuilt the temple again, and placed in it a large monolith shrine of red granite, finely wrought. The foundations of the successive temples were comprised within about 18 ft. depth of ruins; these needed the closest examination to discriminate the various buildings, and were recorded by over 4000 measurements and 1000 levellings.<ref>Petrie, ''Abydos'', ii.</ref>{{clear}}

==Nineteenth dynasty temples==
===Great Temple of Abydos===
[[Image:Horus presents Regalia to Pharoah.JPG|thumb|300px|Horus presents the royal regalia to Pharoah]]The temple of Seti I was built on entirely new ground half a mile to the south of the long series of temples just described, at {{coor dms|26|11|5.50|N|31|55|7.96|E}}. This is the building best known as the Great Temple of Abydos, being nearly complete and an impressive sight. A principal purpose of it was the adoration of the early kings, whose cemetery, to which it forms a great funerary chapel, lies behind it. The long list of the kings of the principal dynasties carved on a wall is known as the "[[Abydos King List]]" (showing the [[cartouche]] name of many dynastic pharaohs of Egypt from the first, [[Narmer]]/[[Menes]], until the pharaohs of the last dynasty)- with the exception of those noted above. So rare as an almost complete list of pharaoh names, the Table of Abydos, re-discovered by [[William John Bankes]], has been called the "Rosetta Stone" of Egyptian archaeology, analogous to the [[Rosetta Stone]] for Egyptian writing, beyond the [[Narmer Palette]].<ref name=TEwjb>Misty Cryer, "Travellers in Egypt - William John Bankes" (2006), TravellersinEgypt.org, web: [http://www.travellersinegypt.org/archives/2004/10/william_john_bankes.html TravEgypt-WJB]: re-discovered Table of Abydos.</ref> There were also seven chapels for the worship of the king and principal gods. At the back of the temple is an enigmatic structure known as [[The Osirion]] thought to be connected with the worship of [[Osiris]] (Caulfield, ''Temple of the Kings''); and probably from those chambers led out the great Hypogeum for the celebration of the Osiris mysteries, built by Merenptah (Murray, ''The Osireion at Abydos''). The temple was originally 550 ft. long, but the forecourts are scarcely recognizable, and the part in good state is about 250 ft. long and 350 ft. wide, including the wing at the side.
[[Image:Pharoah with Lasso.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Pharoah ready to rope the sacred bull]]
Excepting the list of kings and a [[panegyric]] on [[Ramesses II]], the subjects are not historical but mythological. The work is celebrated for its delicacy and refinement, but lacks the life and character of that in earlier ages. The sculptures had been mostly published in hand copy, not facsimile, by [[Auguste Mariette]] in his ''Abydos'', i.

===Ramesses II temple===
The adjacent temple of Ramesses II was much smaller and simpler in plan; but it had a fine historical series of scenes around the outside, of which the lower parts remain. A list of kings, similar to that of Seti I, formerly stood here; but the fragments were removed by the French consul and sold to the [[British Museum]].

The outside of the temple was decorated with scenes of the [[Battle of Kadesh]].

==Tombs==
The Royal Tombs of the earliest dynasties were placed about a mile back on the great desert plain, in a place now known as [[Umm el-Qa'ab]]. The earliest is about 10 × 20 ft. inside, a pit lined with brick walls, and originally roofed with timber and matting. Others also before Menes are 15 × 25 ft. The tomb probably of Menes is of the latter size. After this the tombs increase in size and complexity. The [[tomb-pit]] is surrounded by chambers to hold the offerings, the actual [[sepulchre]] being a great wooden chamber in the midst of the brick-lined pit. Rows of small tomb-pits for the servants of the king surround the royal chamber, many dozens of such burials being usual.

By the end of the 2nd dynasty the type changed to a long passage bordered with chambers on either hand, the royal burial being in the middle of the length. The greatest of these tombs with its dependencies covered a space of over 3000 square yards (2,500 m²). The contents of the tombs have been nearly destroyed by successive plunderers; enough remained to show that rich jewellery was placed on the mummies, a profusion of vases of hard and valuable stones from the royal table service stood about the body, the store-rooms were filled with great jars of wine, perfumed ointment and other supplies, and tablets of ivory and of ebony were engraved with a record of the yearly annals of the reigns. The sealings of the various officials, of which over 200 varieties have been found, give an insight into the public arrangements.<ref>Petrie, ''Royal Tombs'', i. and ii.</ref>

The cemetery of private persons begins in the 1st dynasty with some pit-tombs in the town. It was extensive in the 12th and 13th dynasties and contained many rich tombs. A large number of fine tombs were made in the 18th to 20th dynasties, and later ages continued to bury here till Roman times. Many hundred funeral steles were removed by Mariette's workmen, without any record of the burials.<ref>Mariette, ''Abydos'', ii. and iii.</ref> Later excavations have been recorded by [[Edward R. Ayrton]], Abydos, iii.; [[Maclver]], ''El Amrah and Abydos''; and [[Garstang]], ''El Arabah''.

=="Forts"==
The structures referred to as "forts" lay behind the town. Known as [[Shunet ez Zebib]] is about 450 × 250 ft. over all, and still stands 30 ft. high. It was built by [[Khasekhemwy]], the last king of the 2nd dynasty. Another nearly as large adjoined it, and is probably rather older. A third fort of a squarer form is now occupied by the [[Coptic Christianity|Coptic]] convent; its age cannot be ascertained.<ref>Ayrton, Abydos, iii.</ref>

==Other==
Some of the hieroglyphs onsite have been interpreted in certain esoteric mysticist and ufological circles as showing a helicopter, submarine, and U.F.O., but these are commonly explained as the result of erosion and later adjustments to the original inscriptions.<ref>Some websites offering the standard explanation for the carvings:
[http://www.ufocom.org/pages/v_us/m_archeo/Abydos/abydos.html]
[http://www.catchpenny.org/abydos.html]
[http://members.tripod.com/~A_U_R_A/abydos.html]
</ref>

==See also==
*[[Abydos offering formula]]

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
*{{1911}}
* ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', "Abydos" search: [http://www.britannica.com/search?query=Abydos&ct= EncBrit-Abydos], importance of Abydos.
* Ayrton, ''Abydos'', iii.
* Lumir G. Janku, 1996, "The Abydos Mystery" webpage: [http://www.enigmas.org/aef/lib/archeo/abydosm.shtml EnigmasOrg-Abydos].
* Mariette, Auguste, ''Abydos'', ii. and iii.
* Murray, Margaret Alice, ''The Osireion at Abydos'' (Egyptian Research Account, 9 Ninth Year), Hardcover, reprint edition, June 1989 (from 1904), ISBN 1-85417-041-4.
* William Flinders Petrie, ''Abydos'', i. and ii.
* William Flinders Petrie, ''Royal Tombs'', i. and ii.

==External links==
*[http://www.charlesmiller.co.uk/fla/templans/abydos.htm Great temple of Abydos plan]

{{Ancient Egypt}}
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[[Category:Cities in Ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:Abydos Sites]]
[[Category:Titular Sees of the Coptic Orthodox Church]]

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