[[Image:Ada Lovelace 1838.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Ada Lovelace]]
'''Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace''' ([[December 10]], [[1815]] – [[November 27]], [[1852]]), born '''Augusta Ada Byron''', is mainly known for having written a description of [[Charles Babbage]]'s early mechanical general-purpose computer, the [[analytical engine]].

==Biography==
Ada was the first legitimate child of the poet [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]] and his wife, [[Anne Isabella Milbanke]]. She was named after Byron's [[half-sister]], [[Augusta Leigh]], whose child he was rumored to have fathered. Ada was born on [[December 10]], [[1815]], [[London]], [[England]]. On [[January 16]], [[1816]], Anne Isabella left Byron, taking 1-month old Ada with her. On [[April 21]], Byron signed the Deed of Separation and left England for good a few days later.

Ada never met her younger half-sister, [[Allegra Byron]], daughter of Lord Byron and [[Claire Clairmont]], who died at the age of five in [[1822]]. Ada did have some contact with [[Elizabeth Medora Leigh]], the daughter of Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh. Ada and Medora were told by Ada's mother that Byron was Medora's father.

Ada lived with her mother, as is apparent in her father's correspondence concerning her. Lady Byron was also highly interested in mathematics (Lord Byron once called her "the princess of parallelograms"), which dominated her life, even after marriage. Her obsession with rooting out any of the insanity of which she accused Lord Byron was one of the reasons why Annabella taught Ada [[mathematics]] at an early age. Ada was privately home schooled in mathematics and [[science]] by [[William Frend (social reformer)|William Frend]], [[William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace|William King]] and [[Mary Somerville]]. One of her later tutors was [[Augustus De Morgan]]. An active member of [[London]] society, she was a member of the [[Blue Stockings Society (England)|Bluestockings]] in her youth.

[[Image:Ada Lovelace.jpg|thumb|160px|left|Ada Lovelace]]

In 1835 she married [[William King, 1st Earl of Lovelace|William King, 8th Baron King]], later [[Earl of Lovelace|1st Earl of Lovelace]]. They had three children; [[Byron King-Noel, Viscount Ockham|Byron]] born [[12 May]] [[1836]], Annabella ([[Lady Anne Blunt]]) born [[22 September]] [[1837]] and [[Ralph King-Milbanke, 2nd Earl of Lovelace|Ralph Gordon]] born [[2 July]] [[1839]]. The family lived at Ockham Park, at [[Ockham, Surrey]]. Her full name and title for most of her married life was '''The Right Honourable Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace'''. She is widely known in modern times simply as '''Ada Lovelace''', or by her maiden name, '''Ada Byron'''.

She knew and was taught by Mary Somerville, noted researcher and scientific author of the 19th century, who introduced her in turn to Charles Babbage on [[June 5]], [[1833]]. Other acquaintances were [[David Brewster|Sir David Brewster]], [[Charles Wheatstone]], [[Charles Dickens]] and [[Michael Faraday]].

During a nine-month period in 1842–1843, Ada translated Italian mathematician [[Luigi Menabrea]]'s memoir on Babbage's newest proposed machine, the [[Analytical Engine]]. With the article, she appended [[Ada Byron's notes on the analytical engine|a set of notes]] which specified in complete detail a method for calculating [[Bernoulli numbers]] with the Engine, recognized by historians as the world's first [[computer program]]. Biographers debate the extent of her original contributions, with some holding that the programs were written by Babbage himself. Babbage wrote the following on the subject, in his ''Passages from the Life of a Philosopher'' (1846)<ref> (from an excerpt found in Perspectives on the Computer Revolution (1970), edited by Zenon Pylyshyn)</ref>:

<blockquote>I then suggested that she add some notes to Menabrea's memoir, an idea which was immediately adopted. We discussed together the various illustrations that might be introduced: I suggested several but the selection was entirely her own. So also was the algebraic working out of the different problems, except, indeed, that relating to the numbers of Bernoulli, which I had offered to do to save Lady Lovelace the trouble. This she sent back to me for an amendment, having detected a grave mistake which I had made in the process.</blockquote>

Lovelace's prose also acknowledged some possibilities of the machine which Babbage never published, such as speculating that "the Engine might compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent."

==Interaction with Charles Babbage==
Ada met and corresponded with [[Charles Babbage]] on many occasions, including socially and in relation to Babbage's [[Difference Engine]] and Analytical Engine. Their relationship was not of a romantic nature.

Ada was one of the few people who fully understood Babbage's ideas and created a program for the Analytical Engine. Had the Analytical Engine ever actually been built, her program would have been able to calculate a sequence of [[Bernoulli number]]s. Based on this work, Lovelace is now widely credited with being the first [[computer programmer]].

Babbage was impressed by Ada's intellect and writing skills. He called her "The Enchantress of Numbers". In 1843 he wrote of Ada:<ref> {{cite book
| last = Toole
| first = Betty
| authorlink = David Mumford
| title = The Enchantress of Numbers
| publisher = Critical Connection
| series =
| year = 1998
| doi =
| isbn = 0912647183
| chapter = Acknowledgments
}} </ref>

''Forget this world and all its troubles and if''
''possible its multitudinous Charlatans - every thing''
''in short but the Enchantress of Numbers''

The level of impact of Ada on Babbage's engines are the subject of debate. The debate is difficult to resolve due to Charles Babbage's tendency to not acknowledge (either verbally or in writing) the influence of other people in his work.

==Death==
Ada Lovelace was bled to death at the age of 36 by her physicians, who were trying to treat her [[uterine cancer]]. She perished at the same age as her father and from the same cause: [[bloodletting|medicinal bloodletting]]. She left two sons and a daughter, [[Lady Anne Blunt]], famous in her own right as a traveler in the [[Middle East]] and a breeder of [[Arabian horse]]s, co-founder of the [[Crabbet Arabian Stud]].

At her request, Lovelace was buried next to the father she never knew at the [[Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall|Church of St. Mary Magdalene]] in [[Hucknall]], [[Nottingham]].

Over one hundred years after her death, in 1953, Ada Lovelace's notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine were republished after being forgotten. The engine has now been recognized as an early model for a computer and Ada Lovelace's notes as a description of a [[computer]] and [[software]].

==References within computer science==
* The computer language [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], created by the [[U.S. Defense Department]], was named after Lovelace. The reference manual for the language was approved on [[December 10]], [[1980]], Ada's birthday, and the [[Defense Standard|Department of Defense Military Standard]] for the language, "MIL-STD-1815" was given the number of the year of her birth.
* Her image can be seen on the [[Microsoft]] product authenticity [[hologram]] stickers.
* The [[British Computer Society]] annually [http://www.bcs.org/server.php?show=nav.5822 awards a medal] in her name.

==Popular cultural references==
{{trivia|date=December 2007}}
* On episode #203 ("Hugs and Witches") of the math-mystery cartoon ''[[Cyberchase]]'', she appears as the animated character Lady Ada Lovelace, voiced by ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' comedian [[Jane Curtin]].
* She is one of the main characters in the [[Alternate history (fiction)|alternate history]] "[[steampunk]]" novel ''[[The Difference Engine]]'' by [[Bruce Sterling]] and [[William Gibson]], which posits a world in which Babbage's machines were [[mass production|mass produced]] and the computer age started a century earlier.
* ''Lord Byron's Novel'' by [[John Crowley]] is a [[pastiche]] of a novel supposedly by Byron (in real life he did begin writing one, but is not known to have completed it), discovered after his death by his daughter, edited and with commentary by her.
* She is a main character in the 1997 film ''[[Conceiving Ada]]''.
* In the series "Midnighters" by [[Scott Westerfeld]], one of the main characters, Dess, idolizes Ada Lovelace. This becomes mildly significant in the second book of the series.
* A superintelligent computer in the online comic strip ''[[Narbonic]]'' is named for her.
*She is referenced in passing in [[Arthur C. Clarke]]'s [[3001: The Final Odyssey]]

==Publications==
* {{cite journal
| quotes =
| last = Menabrea
| first = Luigi Federico
| authorlink = Federico Luigi, Conte Menabrea
| coauthors = Ada Lovelace
| date =
| year = 1843
| month =
| title = Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage
| journal = [[Scientific Memoirs]]
| volume = 3
| issue =
| pages =
| doi =
| id =
| url = http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html
| format =
| accessdate =
}} With notes upon the Memoir by the Translator
* {{cite book
| quotes =
| last = Woolley
| first = Benjamin
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| date =
| year = 2002
| month = February
| title = The Bride of Science: Romance, Reason, and Byron's Daughter
| journal =
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| doi =
| id =
| url = http://www.amazon.com/dp/0071388605/
| format =
| accessdate =
}}
* Toole, Betty Alexandra Toole Ed.D, Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers, A Selection from the Letters of Ada Lovelace, and her Description of the First Computer (1992)
* Toole, Betty Alexandra Toole Ed.D., Ada, The Enchantress of Numbers, Prophet of the Computer Age, 1998
* Kim, Eugene and Toole, Betty Alexandra T, Ada and the First Computer, Scientific American, May, 1999

==See also==
* [[Women in computing]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/lovelace.html Ada Lovelace: Founder of Scientific Computing (SDSC Women in Science)]
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Lovelace}}
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20010710002229/http://vms.www.uwplatt.edu/~wise/lovelace/lovelace.html WISE Project biography] ([[Internet Archive|archive]] link, was [[Dead link|dead]])
* [http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/ada-lovelace.html A page of (mostly broken) links to biographies, etc]
* [http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/ada-lovelace-notes.html Ada Lovelace's ''Notes'' and ''The Ladies Diary'']
* [http://www.educause.edu/pub/er/review/reviewArticles/31240.html Ada & the Analytical Engine]
* [http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dirk/ada-belgium/pictures.html Ada Picture Gallery includes freely copyable pictures of Ada]
* [http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html Full text of translation of "Sketch of the Analytical Engine" by L. F. Menabrea with Ada's notes and extensive commentary]
* [http://www.g4tv.com/techtvvault/features/27659/Ada_Lovelace_Countess_of_Controversy.html Ada Lovelace, Countess of Controversy (g4tv.com)]
* [http://www.newyorker.com/critics/books/?010305crbo_Holt_Books_C Jim Holt's "The Ada Perplex," from the New Yorker]
* [http://www.scottlan.edu/lriddle/women/love.htm A brief biography of Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace with links to other resources related to Ada]
* [http://www.hucknall-parish-church.org.uk/ada.htm Hucknall Parish Church, Ada's final resting place]
* [http://archive.salon.com/21st/feature/1999/03/16feature.html Repurposing Ada - Examining the "Ada myth" at Salon.com]
* [http://www.internationalbyronsociety.org/ada1.asp] Thoughts on Ada, from a lecture given by the Earl of Lytton, at International Byron Society.org.
* Black and white sketch of the child Augusta Ada Byron by an unknown artist [http://englishhistory.net/byron/images/ada.jpg], referenced by [http://englishhistory.net/byron/contents.html]

{{Commons|Ada Lovelace}}

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[[Category:19th century mathematicians]]
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[[Category:Byron family]]
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[[Category:English women writers]]
[[Category:Lord Byron]]
[[Category:Women computer scientists]]
[[Category:Women mathematicians]]
[[Category:Women of the Victorian era]]
[[Category:Women writers (19th century)]]

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