{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Australian Place | type = city
| name = Adelaide
| state = sa
| image = Adelaide locator-MJC.png
| caption = Location of Adelaide within Australia
| pop = {{nowrap|1,138,800 (2006)}}
| poprank = 5th
| density = 615
| area = 1826.9
| est = [[28 December]] [[1836]]
| timezone = [[Australian Central Standard Time|ACST]]
| utc = +9:30
| timezone-dst= [[Australian Central Daylight Time|ACDT]]
| utc-dst = +10:30
| dist1 = 729
| dir1 = NW
| location1= Melbourne
| dist2 = 1408
| dir2 = west
| location2= Sydney
| dist3 = 2700
| dir3 = east
| location3= [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]
| maxtemp = 22.1
| mintemp = 12.1
| rainfall = 558.1
}}
'''Adelaide''' is the [[List of Australian capital cities|capital]] and most populous city of the [[Australia]]n [[States and territories of Australia|state]] of [[South Australia]], and is the [[List of cities in Australia by population|fifth-largest city]] in Australia, with a population of over 1.1 million in 2006.<ref>Note - this refers to the [[metropolitan area]] population.</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=, | year=2006| title=Regional Population Growth | format=PDF | work=Australian Bureau of Statistics| url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/50A9687C793C52E4CA25711D000DF7C9/$File/32180_2004-05.pdf | accessdate=2006-05-10}}</ref> It is a coastal city situated on eastern side of [[Gulf Saint Vincent|Gulf St. Vincent]] on the [[Adelaide Plains]], north of the [[Fleurieu Peninsula]], and west of the [[Mount Lofty Ranges]], which rise to around {{convert|700|m|ft|-2}}.
Named in honour of [[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen|Queen Adelaide]], the [[Queen consort|consort]] of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IV]], the city was founded in 1836 as the [[new town|planned capital]] for the only freely-settled British [[province]] in Australia. [[William Light|Colonel William Light]], one of Adelaide's founding fathers, is said to have designed the city and to have chosen its location close to the [[River Torrens]]. Inspired by [[William Penn]], Light's design set out Adelaide in a grid layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares, and entirely surrounded by [[Adelaide Parklands|parkland]]. Early Adelaide was shaped by religious freedom, hence its moniker "The City of Churches,". Today Adelaide is known for its many [[:Category:Festivals in Adelaide|festivals]] as well as for its wine, arts and sports.
As South Australia's seat of government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the cultural boulevard of [[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]], [[King William Street, Adelaide|King William Street]] and in various districts of the metropolitan area.
==History==
{{Main|History of Adelaide}}
Prior to British settlement, the Adelaide area was inhabited by the [[Kaurna]] [[Australian Aborigine|Aboriginal]] tribe (pronounced "Garner" or "Gowna"). Acknowledged Kaurna country comprised the Adelaide Plains and surrounding regions - from [[Cape Jervis]] in the south, and to [[Port Wakefield, South Australia|Port Wakefield]] in the north. Among their unique customs were burn-offs (controlled [[bushfires]]) in the [[Adelaide Hills]] which the early Europeans spotted before the Kaurna people were pushed out by settlement. By 1852, the total population (by census count) of the Kaurna was 650 in the Adelaide region and steadily decreasing. During the winter months, they moved into the Adelaide Hills for better shelter and firewood.<ref>''Adelaide Council Naming Practices, courtesy Catholic University'' [http://online.cesanet.adl.catholic.edu.au/docushare/dsweb/GetRendition/Document-2903/html]</ref><ref>''South Australian Place Names. courtesy Government of South Australia'' [http://www.placenames.sa.gov.au/pno/pnores.phtml?recno=SA0076000]</ref>
[[Image:Adelaide North Tce 1839.jpg|thumb|left|Adelaide in 1839, looking south-east from [[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]]]]
South Australia was officially settled as a new [[United Kingdom|British]] province on [[28 December]] [[1836]], near the [[The Old Gum Tree]] in what is now the suburb of [[Glenelg North, South Australia|Glenelg North]]. This day is now commemorated as [[Proclamation Day]] in South Australia. The site of the colony's capital city was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light, the first Surveyor-General of South Australia, though the design may be by the architect [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Strickland_Kingston George Strickland Kingston] <ref>Johnson and Langmead, ''The Adelaide city plan : fiction and fact'', Wakefield Press, 1986 [http://www.catalog.slsa.sa.gov.au/record=b1082509]</ref>. In 1823, Light had fondly written of the Sicilian city of [[Catania]]: "The two principal streets cross each other at right angles in the square in the direction of north and south and east and west. They are wide and spacious and about a mile long", and this became the basis for the plan of Adelaide. Light chose, not without opposition, a site on rising ground close to the River Torrens, which became the chief early water supply for the fledgling colony. "[[Light's Vision]]", as it has been termed, has meant that the initial design of Adelaide required little modification as the city grew and prospered. Usually in an older city it would be necessary to accommodate larger roads and add parks, whereas Adelaide had them from the start. Adelaide was established as the centre of a [[New town|planned colony]] of free [[immigrants]], promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution, based upon the ideas of [[Edward Gibbon Wakefield]]. Wakefield had read accounts of Australian settlement<ref>Wakefield cites Edward Curr , ''An Account of the Colony of Van Diemen’s Land, principally designed for the use of emigrants'', George Cowie & Co., London, 1824; Henry Widdowson, ''Present State of Van Diemen’s Land; comprising an account of its agricultural capabilities, with observations on the present state of farming, &c. &c. pursued in that colony: and other important matters connected with Emigration'', S. Robinson, W. Joy and J. Cross, London, and J. Birdsall, Northampton, 1829; and James Atkinson, ''An Account of the State of Agriculture & Grazing in New South Wales; Including Observations on the Soils and General Appearance of the Country, and some of its most useful natural productions; with an account of the Various Methods of Clearing and Improving Lands, Breeding and Grazing Live Stock, Erecting Buildings, the System of employing Convicts, and the expense of Labour generally; the Mode of Applying for Grants of Land; with Other Information Important to those who are about to emigrate to that Country: The result of several years’ residence iand practical experience in those matters in the Colony''., J. Cross, London, 1826</ref> while in prison in London for attempting to abduct an heiress, and realised that the eastern colonies suffered from a lack of available labour, due to the practice of giving land grants to all arrivals.<ref>Wakefield, ''Letter from Sydney'', December 1829, pp 99-185, written from Newgate prison. Editor Robert Gouger.</ref> Wakefield's idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen.<ref>Wakefield wrote about this under a pseudonym, purporting to be an Australian settler. His subterfuge was so successful that he confused later writers including [[Karl Marx]], who wrote 'It is the great merit of E.G. Wakefield to have discovered not anything new about the Colonies, but to have discovered in the Colonies the truth of as to the condition of capitalist production in the mother-country.' ''Das Kapital'', Moscow, 1958, p 766"</ref> Funds raised from the sale of land would be used to bring out working class emigrants, who would have to work hard for the monied settlers to ever afford their own land.<ref>''Plan of a Company to be Established for the Purpose of Founding a Colony in Southern Australia, Purchasing Land Therein, and Preparing the Land so Purchased for the Reception of Immigrants'', 1832; in WAKEFIELD, Edward Gibbon, PRICHARD, M. F., (ed.) ''The Collected Works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield'', Collins, London, 1968, p 290.</ref> As a result of this policy, Adelaide does not share the [[Convictism in Australia|convict]] settlement history of other Australian cities like [[Sydney]], [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], [[Brisbane]] and [[Hobart]].
Adelaide's early history was wrought by economic uncertainty and incompetent leadership. The first governor of South Australia, [[John Hindmarsh]], clashed frequently with Light. The rural area surrounding Adelaide city was surveyed by Light in preparation to sell a total of over 405 km² of land. Adelaide's early economy started to get on its feet in 1838 with the arrival of livestock from [[New South Wales]] and [[Tasmania]]. The wool industry served as an early basis for the South Australian economy. Light's survey was completed in this period, and land was promptly offered to sale to early colonists. Wheat farms ranged from [[Encounter Bay]] in the south to [[Clare, South Australia|Clare]] in the north by 1860. [[George Gawler|Governor Gawler]] took over from Hindmarsh in late 1838 and promptly oversaw construction of a governor's house, [[Adelaide Gaol]], police barracks, hospital, and customs house and a wharf at [[Port Adelaide]]. In addition, houses for public officials and missionaries, and outstations for police and surveyors were also constructed during Gawler's governorship. Adelaide had also become economically self-sufficient during this period, but at heavy cost: the colony was heavily in [[debt]] and relied on bail-outs from London to stay afloat. Gawler was recalled and replaced by [[George Edward Grey|Governor Grey]] in 1841. Grey slashed public expenditure against heavy opposition, although its impact was negligible at this point: [[silver]] was discovered in [[Glen Osmond, South Australia|Glen Osmond]] that year, agricultural industries were well underway, and other mines sprung up all over the state, aiding Adelaide's commercial development. The city exported meat, wool, wine, fruit and wheat by the time Grey left in 1845, contrasting with a low point in 1842 when one-third of Adelaide houses were abandoned.
[[Image:Adelaide town hall 1950.jpg|thumb|right|Adelaide [[General Post Office]] in 1950]]
Trade links with the rest of the Australian states were established with the [[Murray River]] being successfully navigated in 1853 by Francis Cadell, an Adelaide resident.
South Australia become a [[self-governing colony]] in 1856 with the [[ratification]] of a new [[constitution]] by the British parliament. [[Secret ballot]]s were introduced, and a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109,917 people lived in the province.<ref>{{cite web | author=Blair, Robert D.| year=2001| title=Events in South Australian History 1834-1857 | format=HTML | work=Pioneer Association of South Australia | url=http://www.users.on.net/~rdblair/events-sa.htm | accessdate=2006-05-10}}</ref>
In 1860 the Thorndon Park reservoir was opened, finally providing an alternative water source to the [[Turbidity|turbid]] River Torrens. In 1867 gas [[street light]]ing was implemented, the [[University of Adelaide]] was founded in 1874, the [[South Australian Art Gallery]] opened in 1881 and the [[Happy Valley Reservoir]] opened in 1896. In the 1890s Australia was affected by a severe [[Depression (economics)|economic depression]], ending a hectic era of land booms and tumultuous expansionism. Financial institutions in [[Melbourne]] and banks in Sydney closed. The national [[fertility rate]] fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle. The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. [[Drought]] and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems, with some families leaving for [[Western Australia]]. Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and [[lead]] discoveries at [[Broken Hill, New South Wales|Broken Hill]] provided some relief. Only one year of [[deficit]] was recorded, but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending. [[Wine]] and [[copper]] were the only industries not to suffer a downturn.
Electric street lighting was introduced in 1900 and electric [[tram]]s were transporting passengers in 1909. 28,000 men were sent to fight in [[World War I]]. Adelaide enjoyed a post-war boom but, with the return of droughts, entered the [[Great Depression|depression]] of the 1930s, later returning to prosperity under strong government leadership. [[Secondary sector of industry|Secondary industries]] helped reduce the state's dependence on [[primary sector of industry|primary industries]]. The 1933 census recorded the state population at 580,949, less of an increase than other states due to the state's economic limitations.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} [[World War II]] brought industrial stimulus and diversification to Adelaide under the [[Thomas Playford IV|Playford]] Government, which advocated Adelaide as a safe place for manufacturing due to its less vulnerable location. 70,000 men and women enlisted<!--to do what?--> and shipbuilding was expanded at the nearby port of [[Whyalla, South Australia|Whyalla]].
The South Australian Government in this period built on former wartime manufacturing industries. International manufacturers like General Motors [[Holden]] and [[Chrysler Australia|Chrysler]] (now [[Mitsubishi Motors Australia Limited|Mitsubishi]]) make use of these factories around Adelaide completing its transformation from an agricultural service centre to a twentieth-century city. A pipeline from [[Mannum, South Australia|Mannum]] brought [[River Murray]] water to Adelaide in 1954 and [[Adelaide International Airport|an international airport]] opened at [[West Beach, South Australia|West Beach]] in 1955. An assisted migration scheme brought 215,000 immigrants of all nationalities to South Australia between 1947 and 1973{{Fact|date=June 2007}}. The Dunstan Government in the 1970s saw something of an Adelaide 'cultural revival' - establishing a wide array of social reforms and overseeing the city becoming a centre of the arts. Adelaide hosted the [[Australian Grand Prix]] between 1985 and 1996 on a street circuit in the city's east parklands, before losing it to Melbourne<ref name="f1-move">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Adelaide Street Circuit | work = | publisher =Formula 1 Database | date = | url =http://www.f1db.com/f1/page/Adelaide_Street_Circuit | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-06-13}}</ref>. The 1992 [[State Bank of South Australia|State Bank]] collapse plunged both Adelaide and South Australia into economic recession, and its effects lasted until 2004, when ratings agency [[Standard & Poor's]] reinstated South Australia's AAA credit rating.<ref>{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = All-round country
| newspaper = [[The Australian]]
| pages = p14
| year = 2004
| date = [[2004-09-29]]
| url = }}</ref>. <!--how are they still felt?--> Recent years have seen the [[Clipsal 500]] [[V8 Supercar]] race make use of sections of the former Formula One circuit and renewed economic confidence under the [[Mike Rann|Rann]] Government.
==Geography==
[[Image:Adelaide metropolitan area map.svg|right|thumb|Adelaide's metropolitan area]]
Adelaide is located north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges. The city stretches 20 km from the coast to the foothills, and 90 km from [[Gawler, South Australia|Gawler]] at its northern extent to [[Sellicks Beach, South Australia|Sellicks Beach]] in the south. According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], the Adelaide Metropolitan Region has a total land area of 870 km², and is at an average elevation of 50 metres above sea level. [[Mount Lofty]] is located east of the Adelaide metropolitan region in the Adelaide Hills at an elevation of 727 metres. It is the tallest point of the city and in the state south of [[Burra, South Australia|Burra]].
Much of Adelaide was bushland before British settlement, with some variation - swamps and marshlands were prevalent around the coast. However, much of the original vegetation has been cleared with what is left to be found in reserves such as the [[Cleland Conservation Park]] and [[Belair National Park]]. A number of creeks and rivers flow through the Adelaide region. The largest are the Torrens and [[Onkaparinga River National Park|Onkaparinga]] catchments. Adelaide relies on its many reservoirs for water supply, with [[Mount Bold Reservoir]] and Happy Valley Reservoir together supplying around 50% of Adelaide's requirements.
===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Adelaide}}
Adelaide has a [[Mediterranean climate]], where most of the rain falls in the winter months. Of the Australian capital cities, Adelaide is the driest. Rainfall is unreliable, light and infrequent throughout summer. In contrast, the winter has fairly reliable rainfall with June being the wettest month of the year, averaging around 80 mm. [[Frost]]s are rare, with the most notable occurrences having occurred in July 1908 and July 1982. There is usually no appreciable [[snow]]fall, except at Mount Lofty and some places in the Adelaide Hills.
{{-}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%; margin: 0 auto 0 auto;"
|+ '''Climate Table'''
|-
!
! Jan
! Feb
! Mar
! Apr
! May
! Jun
! Jul
! Aug
! Sep
! Oct
! Nov
! Dec
!Year
|-
! Mean daily maximum temperature ([[Celsius|°C]])
|28.8
|29.4
|26.1
|22.4
|18.9
|16.1
|15.3
|16.5
|18.8
|21.5
|24.8
|26.8
|22.1
|-
! Mean daily minimum temperature (°C)
|16.8
|17.2
|15.0
|12.2
|10.1
|8.2
|7.4
|8.2
|9.6
|11.3
|13.8
|15.5
|12.1
|-
! Mean total rainfall ([[Millimetre|mm]])
|19.2
|13.7
|26.2
|38.7
|62.6
|83.1
|77.8
|68.1
|63.6
|48.5
|29.6
|26.8
|558.1
|-
! Mean number of rain days
|4.3
|3.4
|5.7
|7.9
|12.3
|15.4
|16.2
|16.4
|13.2
|10.8
|8.1
|6.7
|120.5
|-
| colspan="15" style="text-align: center;" | <small>'''Source:''' [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023090.shtml Bureau of Meteorology]</small>
|}
===Urban layout===
{{Main|Light's Vision}}
[[Image:Karte Adelaide MKL1888.png|thumb|136px|right|1888 Map of Adelaide, showing the gradual development of its urban layout]]
Adelaide is a planned city, designed by the first surveyor-general of South Australia, Colonel William Light. His plan, now known as '''Light's Vision''', arranged Adelaide in a grid, with five squares in the [[inner City]] of Adelaide and a ring of parks known as the Adelaide Parklands surrounding it. Light's design was initially unpopular with the early settlers, as well as South Australia's first Governor, John Hindmarsh. Light persisted with his design against this initial opposition. The benefits of Light's design are numerous; Adelaide has had wide multi-lane roads from its beginning, an easily-navigable grid layout and a beautiful green ring around the city centre. There are two sets of 'ring roads' in Adelaide that have resulted from the original design. The inner ring route borders the parklands and the outer route completely bypasses the inner city through (in clockwise order) [[Grand Junction Road]], Hampstead Road, Ascot Avenue, [[Portrush Road]], Cross Road and [[South Road, Adelaide|South Road]].<ref>''Adelaide's Inner and Outer Ring Routes, courtesy South Australian Department of Transport'' [http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/transport_network/projects/better_roads/adelaides_inner_outer_ring_routes.asp]</ref>
Urban expansion has to some extent outgrown Light's original plan. Numerous satellite cities were built in the latter half of the 20th century, notably [[Salisbury, South Australia|Salisbury]] and [[Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth]] on the city's northern fringes, which have now been enveloped by its [[urban sprawl]]. New developments in the Adelaide Hills region facilitated the construction of the [[South Eastern Freeway]] to cope with growth. Similarly, the booming development in Adelaide's [[City of Onkaparinga|South]] made the construction of the [[Southern Expressway]] a necessity. New roads are not the only transport infrastructure developed to cope with the urban growth, however. The [[O-Bahn Busway]] is an example of a unique solution to [[Tea Tree Gully, South Australia|Tea Tree Gully's]] transport woes in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adelaide's Freeways - A History from MATS to the Port River Expressway|work=Ozroads|url=http://www.ozroads.com.au/SA/freeways.htm}}</ref> The development of the nearby suburb of [[Golden Grove, South Australia|Golden Grove]] in the late 1980s is possibly an example of well-thought-out urban planning. The newer urban areas as a whole, however, are not as integrated into the urban layout as much as older areas, and therefore place more stress on Adelaide's transportation system – although not on a level comparable with Melbourne or Sydney.
==Governance==
{{Main|Government of South Australia}}
[[Image:Adelaide parliament house.JPG|right|thumb|200px|[[Parliament House, Adelaide]] on North Terrace houses the [[Parliament of South Australia]]]]
The Adelaide [[metropolitan area]] is divided between eighteen [[Local Government Areas of South Australia|local government areas]], including, at its centre, the [[City of Adelaide]], which administers the CBD, [[North Adelaide]], and the surrounding [[Adelaide Parklands]]. It is the oldest [[municipal]] authority in Australia and was established in 1840, when Adelaide and Australia's first mayor, [[James Hurtle Fisher]], was elected. From 1919 onwards, the City has had a [[List of Mayors and Lord Mayors of Adelaide|Lord Mayor]], the current being Lord Mayor [[Michael Harbison]].
Adelaide, as the capital of South Australia, is the seat of the [[Government of South Australia]]. As Adelaide is South Australia's capital and most populous city, the State Government co-operates extensively with the City of Adelaide. In 2006, the Ministry for the City of Adelaide was created to facilitate the state government's collaboration with the Adelaide City Council and the Lord Mayor to improve Adelaide's image. The state parliament's Capital City Committee<ref>''Capital City Committee'' [http://www.capcity.adelaide.sa.gov.au/]</ref> is also involved in the governance of the City of Adelaide, being primarily concerned with the planning of Adelaide's urban development and growth.
==Demography==
[[Image:Adelaide Town Hall.jpg|thumb|right|[[Adelaide Town Hall]]]]
As of 2006 Census, Adelaide had a metropolitan population of more than 1,105,839, making it Australia's fifth largest city. In the 2002-2003 period the population grew by 0.6%, while the national average was 1.2%. Some 70.3% of the population of South Australia are residents of the Adelaide metropolitan area, making South Australia one of the most centralised states. Major areas of population growth in recent years were in outer suburbs such as [[Mawson Lakes, South Australia|Mawson Lakes]] and Golden Grove. Adelaide's inhabitants occupy 341,227 houses, 54,826 semi-detached, row terrace or town houses and 49,327 flats, units or apartments.
Persons of high-income are concentrated on the coastal [[suburbs]] (such as [[Brighton, South Australia|Brighton]] and [[Glenelg, South Australia|Glenelg]]), eastern suburbs (such as Tusmore, Joslin and College Park) and south-eastern suburbs (such as [[Burnside, South Australia|Burnside]] and [[Waterfall Gully, South Australia|Waterfall Gully]]). Almost a fifth (17.9%) of the population had university qualifications. The number of Adelaideans with vocational qualifications (such as tradespersons) fell from 62.1% of the labour force in the 1991 census to 52.4% in the 2001 census.
Over half of the population identifies as [[Christianity|Christian]], with the largest denominations being [[Roman Catholic Church in Australia|Catholic]] (22.1%), [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglican]] (14.0%), [[Uniting Church in Australia|Uniting Church]] (8.4%) and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] (3.8%). Approximately 24% of the population expressed no religious affiliation, well above the national average of 18.7%.
Overall, Adelaide is ageing much more rapidly than other Australian capital cities. Just over a quarter (26.7%) of Adelaide's population is aged 55 years or older, in comparison to the national average of 24.3%. Adelaide has the lowest number of children (under-15 year olds), which composed 17.8% of the population, compared to the national average of 19.8.
Overseas-born Adelaideans composed 23.7% (262,367) of the total population. The north-western suburbs (such as [[Woodville, South Australia|Woodville]] and [[Athol Park, South Australia|Athol Park]]) and suburbs close to the CBD have a higher ratio of overseas-born residents. The five largest groups of overseas-born were from [[England]] (7.3%), [[Italy]] (1.9%), [[Scotland]] (1.0%), [[Vietnam]] (0.9%), and [[Greece]] (0.9%). The most-spoken languages other than [[Australian English|English]] were [[Italian language|Italian]] (3.0%), [[Greek language|Greek]] (2.2%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (1.2%), [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]] (0.8%), and [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]] (0.7%).<ref>''Adelaide (Statistical Division), courtesy Australian Bureau of Statistics'' [http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?subaction=-1&producttype=QuickStats&areacode=405&action=401&collection=Census&textversion=false&breadcrumb=PL&period=2006&javascript=true&navmapdisplayed=true&]</ref>
==Economy==
Adelaide's economy is primarily based around manufacturing, defence technology and research, commodity export and corresponding service industries. It has large [[manufacturing]], [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[research]] [[Zoning|zones]]. They contain car manufacturing plants for [[General Motors Holden]] and [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]], and plants that produce electronic systems that are sold worldwide for applications in medical, communications, defence, automotive, food and wine processing and industrial sectors. The revenue of Adelaide's electronics industry has grown at over 15% per year since 1990. The electronics industry in Adelaide employs over 13,000 people, which is more than the automotive industry. Almost half of all cars produced in Australia are made in Adelaide.<ref>''South Australia Fact Sheet: Automotive, courtesy Business South Australia'' [http://www.southaustralia.biz/fact_sheets/fact_automotive.biz.pdf] ''(.pdf)''</ref> The global media conglomerate [[News Corporation]] was founded in and until 2004 incorporated in Adelaide and is still considered its 'spiritual' home by [[Rupert Murdoch]]. Australia's largest oil company, [[Santos Limited|Santos]] (South Australia Northern Territory Oil Search), prominent South Australian brewery, [[Coopers Brewery|Coopers]], major national retailer [[Harris Scarfe]] and Australia's second largest listed investment company [[Argo Investments Limited]] call Adelaide their home. The collapse of the State Bank in 1992 resulted in large levels of state [[Public debt|debt]] (as much as A$4 billion). The collapse had meant that successive governments had enacted lean budgets, cutting [[Public finance|spending]], which had been a setback to the further [[Economic development|development]] of the city and state. The debt has recently been reduced with the State Government once again receiving a AAA+ Credit Rating.<ref>''South Australia's Credit Rating the Highest, courtesy Business South Australia'' [http://www.southaustralia.biz/news/sa_creditrating.htm]</ref> The South Australian economy, very closely tied to Adelaide's, still enjoys a trade surplus and has higher per capita growth than Australia as a whole.<ref>''South Australia's Economic Performance Update, courtesy Business South Australia'' [http://www.southaustralia.biz/PDFs/economic_performance_update_dec05.pdf] ''(.pdf)''</ref>
[[Image:HMAS Rankin SSK-78.jpg|left|thumb|280px|The Adelaide-built [[Collins class submarine]] [[HMAS Rankin (SSG 78)]]]]
Adelaide is home to a large proportion of Australia's defence industries which contribute over AU$1 billion to South Australia's Gross State Product. 70% of Australian defence companies are located in Adelaide. The principal government military research institution, the [[Defence Science and Technology Organisation]], and other defence technology organisations such as [[Tenix Defence Systems|Tenix]] are located in Salisbury near [[RAAF Base Edinburgh]] and others such as [[Saab Systems]] near [[Technology Park, Adelaide|Technology Park]]. The [[Australian Submarine Corporation]], based in the industrial suburb of [[Osborne, South Australia|Osborne]] was charged with constructing Australia's Collins class [[submarines]] [http://www.navy.gov.au/fleet/submarine.html] and recently won a AU$6 billion contract to construct the [[Royal Australian Navy|Royal Australian Navy's]] new air-warfare destroyers.<ref>''South Australia: The Defence Industry Choice, courtesy Defence SA'' [http://www.defence-sa.com/]</ref>
There are 466,829 employed people in Adelaide, with 62.3% full-time and 35.1% part-time. In recent years there has been a growing trend towards part-time (which includes casual) employment, increasing from only 11.6% of the workplace in 1991, to over a third today. 15% of workers are employed in manufacturing, 5% in construction, 15% in retail trade, 11% in business services, 7% in education and 12% in health and community services. The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 years and over is $447 per week, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income is $1,137 per week,compared with $1,171 nationally.<ref>''Adelaide (Statistical Division), courtesy Australian Bureau of Statistics'' [http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?subaction=-1&producttype=QuickStats&areacode=405&action=401&collection=Census&textversion=false&breadcrumb=PL&period=2006&javascript=true&navmapdisplayed=true&#Income]</ref> Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The 3 month trend unemployment rate to March 2007 was 6.2%.<ref>''Adelaide, courtesy Labour Market Information Portal'' [http://www.workplace.gov.au/lmip/LabourForceData/SouthAustralia/Adelaide/]</ref> The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the other regions of Adelaide at 8.3%, while the East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively.<ref>''SA Regional Labour Force Data, courtesy Australian Bureau of Statistics Labour Force Survey'' [http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/1E5ADA69-1DF0-4680-A16A-F376109E9091/0/SA_6_Regions_2007_04.pdf]</ref>
==Education==
:''Main article: [[South Australia#Education|Education in South Australia]]''
[[Image:Art Gallery of South Australia.JPG|280px|right|thumb|[[Art Gallery of South Australia]]]]
School education in Adelaide is provided by a variety of public and private schools, which are the responsibility of the State Government. These schools operate under the [[South Australian Certificate of Education]] (SACE), or with the [[International Baccalaureate]](IB) Diploma Programme. Adelaide has the highest number of IB schools in Australia.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
The [[higher education]] system in Adelaide is extensive, with five out of eight centres of [[TAFE South Australia]] in the city itself. They specialise in non-university higher education offering a viable alternative. Adelaide is home to campuses of all three of South Australia's universities. The [[University of Adelaide]] is a member of the [[Group of Eight (Australian universities)|Group of Eight]] and is the third-oldest university in Australia. It has five campuses in the Adelaide area; one being its primary campus on North Terrace and another being the [[National Wine Centre of Australia|National Wine Centre]]. The [[University of South Australia]] was formed in 1991 from a merger between the South Australian Institute of Technology and the South Australian Colleges of Advanced Education. Four of its five campuses are located in Adelaide, with two in the city-centre itself. [[Flinders University]], located in [[Bedford Park, South Australia|Bedford Park]], is named after British navigator and explorer [[Matthew Flinders]] and was founded in 1966. It is a mid-sized institution with a medical school at the adjacent [[Flinders Medical Centre]]. Leading US private university [[Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Mellon]] established two Adelaide campuses in 2006 offering both Australian and US [[Academic degree|degrees]]. The [[Heinz School Australia]] specialises in [[Information technology|IT]] and government management and is based in [[Victoria Square, Adelaide|Victoria Square]], while another campus at [[Light Square, Adelaide|Light Square]] specialises in new media and entertainment. These institutions attract students from across Australia and around the world, contributing to Adelaide’s international recognition as a [http://www.adelaide.sa.gov.au/council/publications/Brochures/IAEC_Adelaide_brochure_web.pdf ‘City of Education’].
The [[SABRENet]] optical fibre network interconnects Adelaide's university campuses, technology parks, research precincts, [[TAFE]] colleges and some high schools.
==Culture==
[[Image:Adel con cent.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Adelaide Convention Centre]], situated next to the [[River Torrens]]]]
[[Image:St Peters Cathedral.JPG|right|thumb|250px|[[St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide]]]]
While being primarily a British colony, Adelaide attracted [[immigrant]]s from many non-English speaking countries early on, including [[German people|German]] [[Lutherans]] escaping religious persecution in Germany. The first German Lutherans arrived in 1838, bringing with them the [[vine]] cuttings that they used to found the acclaimed wineries of the [[Barossa Valley]]. After the Second World War, [[Italians]], [[Greeks]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Poles]], and possibly every other European nationality came to make a new start. An influx of Asian immigrants following the [[Vietnam War]] added to the mix. These new arrivals have blended to form a rich and diverse cuisine and vibrant restaurant culture.
Adelaide's [[The Arts|arts]] scene flourished in the 1970s under the leadership of premier Don Dunstan, removing some of the more puritanical restrictions on cultural activities then prevalent around Australia. Now the city is home to events such as the [[Adelaide Festival of Arts]], [[Adelaide Fringe Festival|Fringe Festival]], [[Adelaide Film Festival]], [[Adelaide Festival of Ideas]], [[Adelaide Writers' Week]], and the [[Feast Festival]] amongst others. [[WOMADelaide]], Australia's premier [[world music]] event, is now annually held in the scenic surrounds of [[Botanic Park, Adelaide|Botanic Park]].
The annual [[Royal Adelaide Show]], first held in 1840, began as a simple event for the state's farmers to show off their produce. Over time, it grew into a more general commercial [[fair]] held in early September in the inner suburb of [[Wayville, South Australia|Wayville]], with [[amusement ride|carnival rides]], food and entertainment surrounding the more traditional agricultural exhibitions and competitions.
The [[music of Adelaide]] has produced various musicians who have achieved both national and worldwide fame. Notably the [[Adelaide Symphony Orchestra]], the [[Adelaide Youth Orchestra]], [[The Mark of Cain]], [[The Superjesus]], [[Testeagles]], [[The Angels (Australian band)|The Angels]], [[Cold Chisel]], and [[Eric Bogle]]. American artist [[Ben Folds]] considers Adelaide his second home, epitomised in his song "Adelaide" and resides here with his Adelaide-born wife for a number of months each year. Famous rocker, Jimmy Barnes spent most of his youth in the northern suburbs of Elizabeth. The first [[Australian Idol]] winner, [[Guy Sebastian]] hails from the Adelaide suburb of Golden Grove. Hardcore metal band [[I Killed the Prom Queen]] also emerged from Adelaide and the popular Australian hip-hop outfit [[Hilltop Hoods]] come from [[Blackwood, South Australia|Blackwood]].
===Media===
[[Image:Sevenewsadelaide.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Seven News Adelaide'' with John Riddell and Jane Doyle.]]
Newspapers in Adelaide are dominated by News Corporation tabloid publications - Adelaide being the birthplace of News Corporation itself. The only South Australian daily newspaper is [[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|''The Advertiser'']], published by News Corporation six days a week, while the Sunday paper is the [[Sunday Mail (Adelaide)|''Sunday Mail'']]. There are eleven suburban community newspapers published weekly, known collectively as the ''[[Messenger Newspapers]]'', also published by a subsidiary of News Corporation. A recent addition to the print medium in the city is ''[[The Independent Weekly]]'', providing one alternative view. Two national daily newspapers are circulated in the city: ''[[The Australian]]'' (Monday–Friday) and its weekend publication, ''The Weekend Australian'' (Saturday), also published by News Corporation, and ''[[The Australian Financial Review]]'' published by [[John Fairfax Holdings|Fairfax]]. ''[[The Adelaide Review]]'' is a free paper published fortnightly, and other independent magazine-style papers are published, but are not as widely available.
All of the five Australian national television networks broadcast both [[Analog television|analogue]] [[PAL]] and [[High-definition television|high definition]] [[widescreen]] [[Digital television|digital]] services in Adelaide. They share three transmission towers on the ridge near the summit of Mount Lofty. The two government-funded stations are [[ABC TV]] and [[SBS TV]]. The [[Seven Network]] and [[Network Ten]] both own their Adelaide stations ([[SAS-7]] and [[ADS-10]] respectively). Adelaide's [[NWS-9]] is affiliated with the [[Nine Network]] and was owned by [[Southern Cross Broadcasting]] until the sale to [[WIN Corporation]] in May 2007. Adelaide was also notable for two of their news services' longest-serving newsreading duos - at [[Seven Network|Seven]], [[Jane Doyle]] and [[Graeme Goodings]] presented together from 1989 to 2003, when Goodings had to quit because of bowel cancer ([[John Riddell (news)|John Riddell]] has since sat in the weeknight chair with Doyle). At [[Nine Network|Nine]], [[Rob Kelvin]] and [[Kevin Crease]] presented together from 1989 to early 2007 when Crease retired and later died. [[Kelly Nestor (journalist)|Kelly Nestor]] currently sits in the weeknight chair along with Kelvin. Adelaide also has a [[community television]] station, [[C31 Adelaide]]. The [[Foxtel]] [[pay TV]] service is available as [[cable television]] in a few areas, and as [[satellite television]] to the entire metropolitan area. It is resold by a number of other brands, mostly telephone companies.
There are twenty radio stations that serve the entire metropolitan area as well as three community stations that serve only parts of the metropolitan area. Of the twenty full coverage stations there are six commercial stations, six community stations, six national stations and two narrowcast stations.
===Sport===
The main sports are [[Australian rules football]] and [[cricket]]
Adelaide hosted the [[Formula 1]] Australian Grand Prix from 1985 to 1995<ref name="f1-move"/> on a [[Adelaide Street Circuit|street circuit]] in the city's eastern parklands. The Grand Prix became a source of pride and losing the Grand Prix to Melbourne in a surprise announcement left a void that has since been filled with the highly successful [[Adelaide 500|Clipsal 500]] [[V8 Supercar]] race event, held on a modified version of the same street circuit.
Adelaide is the home of two [[Australian Football League]] teams: the [[Adelaide Crows]] and [[Port Adelaide Power]]. A local [[Australian rules football]] league, the [[South Australian National Football League|SANFL]], is made up of nine teams from around Adelaide.
Adelaide's professional [[football (soccer)|soccer]] team [[Adelaide United]] play in the [[A-League]], at [[Hindmarsh Stadium]] with a capacity of 16,500, one of the few purpose built soccer stadia in Australia. The club was founded in 2003.
The [[Adelaide 36ers]] and the [[Adelaide Fellas|Adelaide Lightning]] play in national basketball competitions, with home games at the [[Distinctive Homes Dome]] and the [[Adelaide Thunderbirds]] play in the national netball competition, with home games at [[ETSA Park]]. Most large sporting events take place at either [[AAMI Stadium]] (formerly Football Park) or the historic [[Adelaide Oval]], home of the [[Southern Redbacks]] Cricket Team. Adelaide hosts an international cricket test every summer, along with a number of [[One Day International]] cricket matches. While [[Memorial Drive Park]] hosts the Adelaide International, a major mens tennis tournament in the leadup to the [[Australian Open]].
Adelaide has hosted the annual [[Tour Down Under]] bicycle race since 1999, an event which has gradually built an international reputation with each successive year it has been held. It is also host to the popular [[Bay to Birdwood]] run, featuring vintage and veteran cars from around the world.
==Infrastructure==
===Health===
Adelaide's first hospital is the [[Royal Adelaide Hospital]] (RAH), founded in 1840, it is one of the major hospitals in Adelaide and is a [[teaching hospital]] of the University of Adelaide. It has a capacity of 705 beds. Two other RAH campuses specialising in specific patient services located in the suburbs of Adelaide - the Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre in [[Northfield, South Australia|Northfield]], and the [[Glenside, South Australia|Glenside]] Campus Mental Health Service. The other three largest hospitals in the Adelaide area are [[Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide|The Women's and Children's Hospital]] (305 beds), which is located on King William Road in North Adelaide; the [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital]] (340 beds), located in Woodville and the Flinders Medical Centre (500 beds), which is located in Bedford Park. These hospitals are also associated with medical schools - the Women and Children's and Queen Elizabeth with the University of Adelaide and the Flinders Medical Centre with Flinders University.
In June 2007 The State Government announced a series of overhauls to the health sector that would see a new hospital constructed to replace the Royal Adelaide Hospital on the old railyards west of the [[Adelaide Railway Station]]. The new 800 bed hospital will cost AU$1.7bn, and be controversially renamed the Marjorie Jackson-Nelson Hospital, after the [[Marjorie Jackson|Governor of South Australia]]<ref>{{Citation
| last = Owen
| first = Michael
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title =800 beds, helipad and train station: Our 'Marj' hospital
| newspaper = [[The Advertiser]]
| pages = p5
| year = 2007
| date = [[2007-06-07]]
| url = }}</ref>.
In addition to these changes, major upgrades would see the Flinders Medical Centre become the primary centre for health care in the southern suburbs while upgrades for the [[Lyell McEwin Health Service]] in Elizabeth would see that become the centre for the north. While the trio of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Modbury Hospital and Noarlunga Hospital would become specialist elective surgery centres. The Repatriation General Hospital would also expand its range of specialty areas beyond veterans' health to incorporate stroke, orthopaedic rehabilitation and aged care.
<ref>'News: New $1.7 billion hospital spearheads health reform' [http://www.ministers.sa.gov.au/news.php?id=1712]</ref>
===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Adelaide}}
[[Image:Mountosmondinterechange sefreeway.JPG|right|280px|thumb|The [[Mount Osmond, South Australia|Mount Osmond]] Interchange on the [[South Eastern Freeway]]]]
Being centrally located on the Australian mainland, Adelaide forms a strategic transport hub for east-west and north-south routes. The city itself has a limited [[public transport]] system, which is managed by and known as the [[Adelaide Metro]]. The Adelaide Metro consists of a contracted bus system including the O-Bahn Busway, [[Railways in Adelaide|metropolitan railways]], and the Adelaide-[[Glenelg Tram]], which has also now been extended as a metropolitan tram through the city center. Road transport in Adelaide has historically been comparatively easier than many of the other Australian cities, with a well-defined city layout and wide multiple-lane roads from the beginning of its development. Historically, Adelaide was known as a "twenty-minute city", with commuters having being able to travel from metropolitan outskirts to the city proper in roughly twenty minutes. However, these roads are now inadequate to cope with Adelaide's growing road traffic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro Malcontent - The Twenty Minute City No More|work=Royal Automobile Association, South Australia|date=2005|url=http://www.raa.net/download.asp?file=documents\document_677.pdf}} (1.18MB [[PDF]])</ref>
Adelaide has one freeway, the South Eastern Freeway, connecting the city with the Adelaide Hills and beyond to [[Murray Bridge]] and two expressways; the [[Port River Expressway]] connecting Port Adelaide and [[Outer Harbor, South Australia|Outer Harbor]] to interstate routes and the Southern Expressway, an [[Reversible lane|interchangeable one-way road]] connecting the southern suburbs with the city proper. The Gawler Bypass skirting [[Gawler]] is another expressway style, high speed inter-urban corridor. A third expressway, the [[Northern Expressway]] (formerly the [[Sturt Highway]] extension), a northern suburbs bypass route, connecting the Gawler Bypass to Port Wakefield Road, is due to start construction in 2008. There are also plans for major upgrades to busy sections of [[South Road|South Road, Adelaide]], including road widening and underpasses of [[Anzac Highway]], Grange Road, Port Road and the Outer Harbour Railway Line, during the first stage.<ref>South Road Upgrade'' [http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/transport_network/projects/southroad_upgrade/index.asp]</ref>
[[Adelaide International Airport]], located in Adelaide's west, is Australia's newest and most advanced airport terminal and is designed to serve in excess of 5.8 million passengers annually. The new dual international/domestic terminal replaces the old and ageing terminals known locally as the 'tin sheds', and incorporates new state-of-the-art features, such as glass aerobridges and the ability to cater for the new [[Airbus A380]]<ref>{{Citation
| last = Innes
| first = Stuart
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Super airliner cleared to land at our new airport
| newspaper = [[The Advertiser]]
| pages =
| year = 2005
| date = [[2005-01-10]]
| url = }}</ref>. The airport is designed to handle 27 aircraft simultaneously and is capable of processing 3,000 passengers per hour. Unusual for a major city, it is located only about seven kilometres from the CBD.
===Utilities===
[[Image:Happy Valley Reservoir 20070223.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Aerial view of Happy Valley Reservoir in early 2007]]
Adelaide's energy requirements are met by a variety of companies who separately provide for the generation, transmission, distribution and retail sales of gas and electricity. Some of the major companies are: [[TRUenergy]] generate electricity; ElectraNet transmit electricity from the generators to the distribution network; ETSA Utilities (formerly a government-owned company which was privatised by the [[John Olsen|Olsen]] Government in the 1990s) distribute electricity from transmission companies to end users; and [[Australian Gas Light Company|AGL]] who retail gas and electricity.<ref name="EnergySA1">{{cite web | title=Industry structure | work=Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure | url=http://www.energy.sa.gov.au/dhtml/ss/section.php?sectID=12&tempID=1 | accessdate=2006-05-05}} </ref> Substantial investment has been made in maintenance and reinforcement of the electricity supply network to provide continued reliability of supply.
Adelaide derives most of its electricity from a gas-fired plant operated by TRUenergy at [[Torrens Island, South Australia|Torrens Island]], and also by power stations at [[Port Augusta]], Pelican Point, and connections to the national grid. Gas is mainly supplied from the [[Moomba, South Australia|Moomba]] Gas Processing Plant in the Cooper Basin, and is piped to Adelaide and other areas within the state.<ref name="EnergySA2">{{cite web | title=Supply Security | work=Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure | url=http://www.energy.sa.gov.au/pages/conventional/planning/supply/security.htm:sectID=10&tempID=1 | accessdate=2006-05-05}}</ref> A small part of supply also comes from wind turbines at Sellicks Hill, and a trial of more turbines on city buildings is underway.<ref name="Premier Rann">{{cite web | title= Mini Wind Turbines whirl into city buildings | work=Premier of South Australia | url=http://www.premier.sa.gov.au/news.php?id=624 | accessdate=2006-08-06}}</ref>
Adelaide's water supply is gained from its reservoirs: Mount Bold, Happy Valley, [[Myponga Reservoir|Myponga]], [[Millbrook Reservoir|Millbrook]], [[Hope Valley Reservoir|Hope Valley]], [[Little Para Reservoir|Little Para]] and [[South Para Reservoir]]. Further water demands result in the pumping of water from the River Murray. The provision of water services is by the government-owned [[SA Water]].
[[Image:JC-Adelaide.jpg|500px|thumb|centre|View of Adelaide's city skyline, with Adelaide Oval in the foreground]]
[[Image:Mount Lofty View Night.jpg|500px|thumb|centre|View of Adelaide at night from [[Mount Lofty]]]]
[[Image:Adelaide city.jpg|500px|thumb|centre|View of [[Adelaide]] CBD during the day from the summit.]]
===Sister cities===
These are the official sister cities of Adelaide:<ref>''South Australia - Facts & Figures. courtesy Government of South Australia'' [http://www.southaustralia.com/3397.aspx]</ref>
{{flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Christchurch]]''', [[New Zealand]]<br>
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} '''[[Georgetown, Penang]]''', [[Malaysia]] ''(1973)''<br>
{{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Austin, Texas]]''', [[United States|U.S.]] ''(1983)''<br>
{{flagicon|Japan}} '''[[Himeji]]''', [[Japan]] ''(1982)''<br>
==See also==
{{portal|South Australia}}
*[[List of people from Adelaide]]
*[[List of Adelaide railway stations]]
*[[List of Adelaide suburbs]]
*[[List of sports clubs in Adelaide]]
*[[List of Adelaide parks and gardens]]
*[[South Australian wine]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
*Kathryn Gargett; Susan Marsden, ''Adelaide: A Brief History'' Adelaide: State History Centre, History Trust of South Australia in association with Adelaide City Council, 1996 ISBN 0-7308-0116-0
*Derek Whitelock et al, ''Adelaide: a sense of difference'' Melbourne: Arcadia, 2000 ISBN 0-87560-657-1
==External links==
{{commonscat|Adelaide}}
{{sisterlinks|Adelaide}}
{{Geolinks-AUS-suburbscale|long=138.601|lat=-34.929}}
*{{wikitravel}}
*[http://www.adelaidecitycouncil.com/ City of Adelaide]
*[http://www.sacentral.sa.gov.au/ SA Central]
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[[Category:Settlements established in 1836]]
[[Category:Adelaide|Adelaide]]
[[Category:Australian capital cities]]
[[Category:Cities in South Australia]]
[[Category:Coastal cities in Australia]]
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