Advanced_Micro

{{redirect|AMD}}
{{Infobox_Company |
company_name = Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.|
company_logo = [[Image:AMD Logo.svg|153px|AMD Logo]] |
company_type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[NYSE]]: [http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=AMD AMD])|
foundation = 1969 |
location = One AMD Place [[Sunnyvale, California]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States of America|USA]]|
key_people = [[Jerry Sanders (businessman)|Jerry Sanders]], co-founder [[Héctor Ruiz]], CEO |
industry = [[Semiconductors]] |
products = [[Microprocessors]] [[Motherboard]] chipsets [[Digital television|DTV]] decoder chips [[Handheld device|Handheld]] media chipsets |
slogan = ''Smarter Choice'' |
revenue = $5.649 billion [[U.S. dollar|USD]] (2006) |
net_income = {{loss}}$166 million [[U.S. dollar|USD]] (2006)|
num_employees = 16,719 (Q2 2007) |
subsid = [[ATI Technologies]] |
homepage = [http://www.amd.com/ www.amd.com]
}}
[[Image:Amdheadquarters.jpg|thumb|right|325px|AMD headquarters in Sunnyvale]]

'''Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.''' (abbreviated '''AMD'''; {{nyse|AMD}}) is an American manufacturer of [[semiconductors]] based in [[Sunnyvale, California|Sunnyvale]], [[California]]. The company was founded in 1969 by a group of former executives from [[Fairchild Semiconductor]], including [[Jerry Sanders (businessman)|Jerry Sanders, III]], [[Edwin Turney|Ed Turney]], John Carey, Sven Simonsen, Jack Gifford and three members from Gifford's team, Frank Botte, Jim Giles, and Larry Stenger. The current chairman and CEO is [[Héctor Ruiz|Dr. Héctor Ruiz]] and the current president and chief operating officer is [[Dirk Meyer]].

AMD is the world's second-largest supplier of [[x86]] based [[Central Processing Unit|processors]] and the world's third largest supplier of graphics cards and GPUs, after taking control over [[ATI Technologies|ATI]] in 2006. AMD also owns a 21% share of [[Spansion]], a supplier of [[flash memory|non-volatile flash memory]]. In 2007, the company ranked eleventh among [[Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders|semiconductor manufacturers]].<ref>{{web cite |url=http://www.isuppli.com/marketwatch/default.asp?id=423|title=Competitiveness Separates Winners from Losers in 2007 Semiconductor Market |publisher=iSuppli Market Watch|date=[[3 December]] [[2007]]}}</ref>

==General history==
[[Image:AMD C8080A.jpg|thumb|Early AMD 8080 Processor (AMD AM9080ADC / C8080A), 1977]]
AMD started as a producer of logic chips in 1969, then entered the [[Random Access Memory|RAM]] chip business in 1975. That same year, it introduced a [[reverse engineering|reverse-engineered]] clone of the [[Intel 8080]] [[microprocessor]]. During this period, AMD also designed and produced a series of [[bit-slice]] processor elements ([[Am2900]], Am29116, Am293xx) which were used in various minicomputer designs.

During this time, AMD attempted to embrace the perceived shift towards [[RISC]] with their own [[Am29000|AMD 29K processor]], and they attempted to diversify into graphics and audio devices as well as EPROM memory. It had some success in the mid-80s with the AMD7910 and AMD7911 "World Chip" FSK modem, one of the first multistandard devices that covered both Bell and CCITT tones at up to 1200 baud half duplex or 300/300 full duplex. While the AMD 29K survived as an [[embedded processor]] and AMD spinoff Spansion continues to make industry leading [[flash memory]], AMD was not as successful with its other endeavors. AMD decided to switch gears and concentrate solely on Intel-compatible microprocessors and flash memory. This put them in direct competition with Intel for x86 compatible processors and their flash memory secondary markets.

It has been reported in December 2006 that AMD along with its main rival in the graphics industry [[nVidia]], received subpoenas from the [[Justice Department]] regarding possible [[United States antitrust law|antitrust]] violations in the graphics card industry, including the act of fixing prices.<ref>{{web cite |url=http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9584_22-6140041.html |title=Justice Dept. subpoenas AMD, Nvidia |publisher=New York Times|date=[[1 December]] [[2006]]}}</ref>

===Litigation with Intel===
AMD has a long history of litigation with former partner and x86 creator [[Intel Corporation|Intel]].<ref name=litigation>{{cite web |url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/AMD_-_Intel_Litigation_History.pdf |title=AMD-INTEL LITIGATION HISTORY |publisher=AMD |accessdaymonth = [[12 January]]|accessyear=[[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/Complaint_summary.pdf|title=Summary U.S. antitrust complaint against Intel|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/AMD-Intel_Full_Complaint.pdf|title=Full text of U.S. antitrust complaint against Intel|format=PDF}}</ref>
*In 1986 Intel broke an agreement it had with AMD to allow them to produce Intel's micro-chips for [[IBM]]; AMD filed for [[arbitration]] in 1987 and the arbitrator decided in AMD's favor in 1992. Intel disputed this, and the case ended up in the [[Supreme Court of California]]. In 1994, that court upheld the arbitrator's decision and awarded damages for breach of contract.
*In 1990, Intel brought a copyright infringement action alleging illegal use of its 287 microcode. The case ended in 1994 with a jury finding for AMD and its right to use Intel's microcode in its microprocessors through the 486 generation.
*In 1997, Intel filed suit against AMD and [[Cyrix]] Corp. for misuse of the term [[MMX]]. AMD and Intel settled, with AMD acknowledging MMX as a trademark owned by Intel, and with Intel granting AMD rights to market the AMD K6 MMX processor.
*In 2005, following an investigation, the Japan Federal Trade Commission found Intel guilty on a number of violations. On [[June 27]] [[2005]], AMD won an [[United States antitrust law|antitrust]] suit against Intel in [[Japan]], and on the same day, AMD filed a broad antitrust complaint against Intel in the U.S. Federal District Court in [[Delaware]]. The complaint alleges systematic use of secret rebates, special discounts, threats, and other means used by Intel to lock AMD processors out of the global market. Since the start of this action, AMD has issued [[subpoena]]s to major computer manufacturers including [[Dell]], [[Microsoft]], [[IBM]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[Sony]], and [[Toshiba]].

===Merger with ATI===
AMD announced a merger with [[ATI Technologies]] on [[July 24]], [[2006]]. AMD paid $4.2 billion in cash along with 57 million shares of its stock for a total of US$5.4 billion. The merger completed on [[October 25]], [[2006]]<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/October2006/25/c4187.html |title=AMD Completes ATI Acquisition and Creates Processing Powerhouse |publisher=NewsWire |date=[[25 October]] [[2006]]}} </ref> and ATI is now part of AMD.

==AMD x86 processors==
===Discontinued===
====8086, Am286, Am386, Am486, Am5x86====
{{main|Am286|Am386|Am486|Am5x86}}
In February 1982, AMD signed a contract with [[Intel Corporation|Intel]], becoming a licensed second-source manufacturer of [[Intel 8086|8086]] and [[Intel 8088|8088]] processors. [[IBM]] wanted to use the Intel 8088 in its [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]], but IBM's policy at the time was to require at least two sources for its chips. AMD later produced the [[Am286]] under the same arrangement, but Intel canceled the agreement in 1986 and refused to convey technical details of the [[Intel 80386|i386]] part.

AMD challenged Intel's decision to cancel the agreement and won in arbitration, but Intel disputed this decision. A long legal dispute followed, ending in 1994 when the [[Supreme Court of California]] sided with AMD. Subsequent legal disputes centered on whether AMD had legal rights to use derivatives of Intel's [[microcode]]. In the face of uncertainty, AMD was forced to develop "[[Clean room design|clean room]]" versions of Intel code.

In 1991, AMD released the [[Am386]], its clone of the Intel 386 processor. It took less than a year for the company to sell a million units. Later, the [[Am486]] was used by a number of large [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEMs]], including [[Compaq]], and proved popular. Another Am486-based product, the [[Am5x86]], continued AMD's success as a low-price alternative. However, as product cycles shortened in the PC industry, the process of reverse engineering Intel's products became an ever less viable strategy for AMD.

====K5, K6, Athlon (K7)====
{{main|AMD K5|AMD K6|Athlon}}

AMD's first completely in-house x86 processor was the [[AMD K5|K5]] which was launched in 1996.<ref name='CPU-INFO K5'> {{cite web|url=http://www.cpu-info.com/index2.php?mainid=html/cpu/amdk5.php |title=AMD K5 |accessdate=2007-07-11 |publisher=CPU-INFO.COM }}</ref> The "K" was a reference to "[[Kryptonite]]", which from comic book lore, was the only substance that could harm Superman, with a clear reference to Intel, which dominated in the market at the time, as "Superman".<ref name='Forbes-Chip-Names'>{{cite news | first=Arik | last=Hesseldahl | coauthors= | title=Why Cool Chip Code Names Die | date=[[2000-07-06]] | publisher=Forbes.com Inc | url =http://www.forbes.com/2000/07/06/mu2.html | work =forbes.com | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-14 | language = }}</ref>

In 1996, AMD purchased [[NexGen]] specifically for the rights to their Nx series of x86-compatible processors. AMD gave the NexGen design team their own building, left them alone, and gave them time and money to rework the Nx686. The result was the [[AMD K6|K6]] processor, introduced in 1997.

The K7 was AMD's seventh generation x86 processor, making its debut on [[June 23]], [[1999]], under the [[brand]] name Athlon.
On [[October 9]], [[2001]] the Athlon XP was released, followed by the Athlon XP with 512KB L2 Cache on [[February 10]], [[2003]].<ref name='The AMD Athlon™ XP Processor with 512KB L2 Cache'>{{cite news | first=Jack | last=Huynh | coauthors= | title=The AMD Athlon™ XP Processor with 512KB L2 Cache | date=[[2003-02-10]] | publisher=AMD | url =http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/26485A_AthlXPwp_2-20.pdf | work =amd.com | pages = | accessdate = 2007-10-2 | language = }}</ref>

===Current===
====Athlon 64 (K8)====
{{Main|Athlon 64|Opteron}}
The K8 is a major revision of the K7 architecture, with the most notable features being the addition of a [[x86-64|64-bit]] extension to the x86 instruction set (officially called AMD64), the incorporation of an on-chip memory controller, and the implementation of an extremely high performance point-to-point interconnect called [[HyperTransport]], as part of the [[Direct Connect Architecture]]. The technology was initially launched as the [[Opteron]] server-oriented processor.<ref>Scott Wasson. "[http://www.techreport.com/reviews/2003q3/workstation/index.x?pg=1 Workstation platforms compared]", ''techreport.com'', The Tech Report, LLC., [[2003-09-15]], Retrieved on [[2007-07-29]].</ref> Shortly thereafter it was incorporated into a product for desktop PCs, branded [[Athlon 64]].<ref>Scott Wasson. "[http://www.techreport.com/reviews/2003q3/athlon64/index.x?pg=1 AMD's Athlon 64 processor]", ''techreport.com'', The Tech Report, LLC., [[2003-09-23]]. Retrieved on [[2007-07-29]].</ref>

=====Dual-core Athlon 64 X2=====
{{Main|Athlon 64 X2|Opteron}}
[[Image:AMD Athlon 64 X2 Processor Logo.svg‎|left|101px]]

AMD released the first [[dual core]] [[Opteron]], an x86-based server CPU, on [[April 21]], [[2005]].<ref>Scott Wasson. "[http://www.techreport.com/reviews/2005q2/opteron-x75/index.x?pg=1 AMD's dual-core Opteron processors]", ''techreport.com'', The Tech Report, LLC., [[2005-04-21]]. Retrieved on [[2007-07-29]].</ref> The first desktop-based [[Multi-core (computing)|dual core processor]] family — the [[Athlon 64 X2]] came a month later.<ref>Scott Wasson. "[http://www.techreport.com/reviews/2005q2/athlon64-x2/index.x?pg=1 AMD's Athlon 64 X2 processors]", ''techreport.com'', The Tech Report, LLC., [[2005-05-09]]. Retrieved on [[2007-07-29]].</ref>
[[Image:AMD Barcelona die.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Quad-core "Barcelona" die-shot]]

In early May, AMD had abandoned the string "64" in its dual-core desktop product branding, becoming Athlon X2, downplaying the significance of [[x86-64|64-bit computing]] in its processors while upcoming updates involves some of the improvements to the microarchitecture, and a shift of target market from mainstream desktop systems to value dual-core desktop systems.

====Phenom (K10)====
{{main|AMD K10|Opteron|Phenom (processor)|l3=Phenom}}
The latest microprocessor architecture, also known as "[[AMD K10]]" is AMD's new microarchitecture. The "[[AMD K10]]" is the immediate successor to the AMD K8 [[microarchitecture]]. The first processors released on this architecture were introduced on September 10th, 2007 consisting of nine quad-core Third Generation Opteron processors. K10 processors will come in dual, [[Multi-core|triple-core]]<ref>[http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543~120741,00.html AMD announcement], retrieved September 17, 2007</ref> and [[Multi-core|quad-core]] versions with all cores on one single die.

===Future===
{{future chip}}
====''Bulldozer'' and ''Bobcat''====
{{main|Bulldozer (processor)|l1=Bulldozer|Bobcat (processor)|l2=Bobcat}}

After the [[AMD K10|K10]] architecture, AMD will move to a modular design methodology named "''M-SPACE''", where two new processor cores, codenamed "''[[Bulldozer (processor)|Bulldozer]]''" and "''[[Bobcat (processor)|Bobcat]]''" will be released in the 2009 timeframe. While very little preliminary information exists even in AMD's Technology Analyst Day 2007, both cores are to be built from the ground up. The ''Bulldozer'' core focused on 10 watt to 100 watt products, with optimizations for performance-per-watt ratios and [[High Performance Computing|HPC]] applications and includes newly announced [[SSE5]] instructions, while the ''Bobcat'' core will focus on 1 watt to 10 watt products, given that the core is a simplified [[x86]] core to reduce power draw. Both of the cores will be able to incorporate full DirectX compatible GPU core(s) under the ''[[AMD Fusion|Fusion]]'' label, or as standalone products as a general purpose CPU.

====AMD Fusion====
{{main|AMD Fusion}}

After the merger between AMD and ATI, an initiative codenamed ''[[AMD Fusion|Fusion]]'' was announced that merges a [[CPU]] and [[GPU]] on one chip, including a minimum 16 lane [[PCI Express]] link to accommodate external PCI Express peripherals, thereby eliminating the requirement of a [[Northbridge (computing)|northbridge]] chip completely from the motherboard. It is expected to be released in 2009.

==Other platforms and technologies==
===AMD chipsets===
{{see also|Comparison of AMD chipsets}}
Before the launch of [[Athlon 64]] processors in 2003, AMD designed chipsets for their processors spanning the [[AMD K6|K6]] and [[AMD K7|K7]] processor generations. The chipsets include the AMD-640, AMD-751 and the AMD-761 chipsets. The situation changed in 2003 with the release of [[Athlon 64]] processors, and AMD chose not to further design its own chipsets for its desktop processors while opening the desktop platform to allow other firms to design chipsets. This is the "Open Platform Initiative". The initiative was proven to be a success, with many firms such as [[NVIDIA]], [[ATI Technologies|ATI]], [[VIA]] and [[SiS]] developing their own chipset for [[Athlon 64]] processors and later [[Athlon 64 X2]] and [[Athlon 64 FX]] processors, including the [[AMD Quad FX platform|Quad FX platform]] chipset from NVIDIA.

The initiative went further with the release of [[Opteron]] server processors as AMD stopped the design of server chipsets in 2004 after releasing the AMD-8111 chipset, and again opened the server platform for firms to develop chipsets for Opteron processors. As of today, [[NVIDIA]] and [[Broadcom]] are the sole designing firms of server chipsets for Opteron processors.

As the company completed the acquisition of ATI Technologies in 2006, the firm gained the ATI design team for chipsets which previously designed the [[Xpress 200|Radeon Xpress 200]] and the [[Xpress 3200|Radeon Xpress 3200]] chipsets. AMD then renamed the chipsets for AMD processors under AMD branding (for instance, the CrossFire Xpress 3200 chipset was renamed as [[AMD 580 chipset series|AMD 580X CrossFire chipset]]). In February 2007, AMD announced the first AMD-branded chipset since 2004 with the release of the AMD [[AMD 690 chipset series|690G]] chipset (previously under the development codename ''RS690''), targeted at mainstream [[Integrated Graphics Processor|IGP]] computing. It was the industry's first to implement a [[HDMI]] 1.2 port on motherboards, shipping for more than a million units. While ATI had aimed at releasing an Intel IGP chipset, the plan was scrapped and the inventories of [[AMD 690 chipset series#Radeon Xpress 1250|Radeon Xpress 1250]] (codenamed ''RS600'', sold under ATI brand) was sold to two OEMs, Abit and AsRock. Although AMD states the firm will still produce Intel chipsets, Intel had not granted the license of {{nowrap|1333 MHz}} FSB to ATI. Considering the rivalry between AMD and Intel, AMD is less likely to release more Intel chipset designs in the foreseeable future.

===AMD Live!===
[[Image:Amd Live.jpg|right|100px]]
{{main|AMD Live!}}

AMD LIVE! is a platform marketing initiative focusing the consumer electronics segment, with a recently announced [[Active TV]] initiative for streaming Internet videos from web video services such as [[YouTube]], into AMD Live! PC as well as connected digital TVs, together with a scheme for an ecosystem of certified peripherals for the ease of customers to identify peripherals for AMD Live! systems for digital home experience, called "AMD Live! Ready".<ref>[http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543~116469,00.html Official Press Release] (AMD Live! Ready and Active TV initiative)</ref>

===AMD Quad FX platform===
{{main|AMD Quad FX platform}}
The AMD Quad FX platform, being an extreme enthusiast platform, allows two processors to connect through [[HyperTransport]], which is a similar setup to dual-processor (2P) servers, excluding the use of [[buffered memory]]/[[registered memory]] [[DIMM]] modules, and a server motherboard, the current setup includes two [[Athlon 64 FX]] FX-70 series processors and a special motherboard. AMD pushed the platform for the surging demands for what AMD calls "megatasking" for true enthusiasts,<ref>[http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543~114483,00.html?redir=dtfx04 Official Press Release] (AMD Quad FX Platform with Dual Socket Direct Connect Architecture Redefines High-End Computing for Megatasking Enthusiasts)</ref> the ability to do more tasks on one single system. The platform refreshes with the introduction of [[AMD K10|Phenom FX]] processors and the next-generation [[RD700 chipset series|RD790]] chipset, codenamed "''FASN8''".

===Commercial platform===
====Virtualization====
AMD's [[virtualization]] extension to the 64-bit x86 architecture is named ''AMD Virtualization'', also known by the abbreviation ''AMD-V'', and is sometimes referred to by the code name "[[Pacifica (virtual machine)|Pacifica]]". AMD processors using [[Socket AM2]], [[Socket S1]], and [[Socket F]] include AMD Virtualization support. AMD Virtualization is also supported by release two (8200, 2200 and 1200 series) of the Opteron processors.

The third generation (8300 and 2300 series) of [[Opteron]] processors will see an update in virtualization technology, specifically the Rapid Virtualization Indexing (also known by the development name ''Nested Page Tables''), alongside the Tagged [[Translation Lookaside Buffer|TLB]] and Device Exclusion Vector (DEV).

AMD also promotes the "AMD I/O Virtualization Technology" (also known as [[IOMMU]]) for I/O virtualization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543~117440,00.html|title=AMD press release}}</ref> The AMD IOMMU specification has been updated to version 1.2.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/34434.pdf | title=AMD IOMMU specification 1.2 | format=PDF}}</ref> The specification describes the use of a [[HyperTransport]] architecture.

====Commercial initiatives====
*[[AMD Trinity]], provides support for virtualization, security and management. Key features include [[AMD#Virtualization|AMD-V]] technology, codenamed ''[[Presidio]]'' [[trusted computing]] platform technology, I/O Virtualization and Open Management Partition.<ref>[http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/MartySeyerAMDAnalystWebv3.pdf AMD Analyst Day presentation], page 24, retrieved [[July 14]], [[2007]]</ref>
*[[AMD Raiden]], future clients similar to the [[Jack PC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chippc.com/thin-clients/jack-pc/|title=Jack PC page}}</ref> to be connected through network to a blade server for central management, to reduce client form factor sizes with [[AMD Trinity]] features.
*[[Torrenza]], [[co-processor]]s support through interconnects such as [[HyperTransport]] as [[PCI Express]] (though more focus was at [[HyperTransport]] enabled co-processors), also opening processor socket architecture to other manufacturers, [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] and [[IBM]] are among the supporting consortium, with rumoured [[POWER7]] processors would be socket-compatible to future Opteron processors. The move made rival [[Intel]] responded with the open of [[Front Side Bus]] (FSB) architecture as well as [[Geneseo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20060927comp_a.htm|title=Intel Geneseo press release}}</ref> a collaboration project with [[IBM]] for co-processors connected through [[PCI Express]]. Note that AMD positioned Torrenza for commercial segment, whilst Intel positioned Geneseo for all segments including consumer desktop segments {{Fact|date=July 2007}}.
*Various certified systems programs and platforms: AMD Commercial Stable Image Platform (CSIP), together with AMD Validated Server program, AMD True Server Solutions, AMD Thermally Tested Barebones Platforms and AMD Validated Server Program, providing certified systems for business from AMD.

===Desktop platforms===
Starting in 2007, AMD, following Intel, began using [[codename]]s for its desktop platforms. The platforms, unlike Intel's approach, will refresh every year, putting focus on platform specialization. The platform includes components as AMD processors, chipsets, ATI graphics and other features, but continued to the open platform approach, and welcome components from other vendors such as VIA, SiS, and NVIDIA, as well as wireless product vendors.

Updates to the platform includes the implemtation of [[IOMMU]] [[x86 virtualization#AMD virtualization (AMD-V)|I/O Virtualization]] with [[45 nm]] generation of processors, and the [[AMD 800 chipset series|RD800 chipset series]] in 2009. <ref>[http://download.amd.com/Corporate/MarioRivasDec2007AMDAnalystDay.pdf AMD Financial Analyst Day 2007 presentation], presented by Mario Rivas, page 24 of 28. Retrieved December 14, 2007</ref>

===Embedded systems===
====Alchemy processors====
{{main|Alchemy (processor)}}

In February 2002, AMD acquired Alchemy Semiconductor and continued its line of processor in [[MIPS architecture]] processors, targets the hand-held and [[Portable media player]] markets. On [[13 June]], [[2006]], AMD officially announced that the [[Alchemy (processor)|Alchemy]] processor line was transferred to Raza Microelectronics Inc.<ref name='Alchemy'>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=AMD Alchemy™ processor product line acquired by Raza Microelectronics | date=[[2006-06-14]] | publisher=technologynewsdaily.com | url =http://www.technologynewsdaily.com/node/3336 | work =TechNews | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-11 | language = }}</ref>

====Geode processors====
{{main|Geode (processor)#AMD Geode|l1=Geode (processor)}}

In August 2003, AMD also purchased the [[Geode (processor)|Geode]] business which was originally the [[Cyrix]] [[MediaGX]] from [[National Semiconductor]] to augment its existing line of embedded x86 processor products. During the second quarter of 2004, it launched new low-power Geode NX processors based on the K7 Thoroughbred architecture with speeds of fanless processors {{nowrap|667 MHz}} and {{nowrap|1 GHz}}, and {{nowrap|1.4 GHz}} processor with fan, of [[Thermal Design Power|TDP]] 25 [[Watt|W]].

This technology is used in a variety of embedded systems (Casino slot machines and customer kiosks for instance), several [[Ultra Mobile PC|UMPC]] designs in Asia markets, as well as the [[One Laptop per child|OLPC]] [[OLPC XO-1|XO-1 computer]], an inexpensive laptop computer intended to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world.

===Flash technology===
{{main|Spansion}}
While less visible to the general public than its CPU business, AMD is also a global leader in [[flash memory]]. In 1993, AMD established a 50-50 partnership with [[Fujitsu]] called FASL, and merged into a new company called [[Spansion|FASL LLC]] in 2003. The joint venture firm went public under ticker symbol SPSN in December 2005, with AMD shares drop to 37%.

AMD no longer directly participates in the Flash memory devices market now as AMD entered into a non-competition agreement, as of [[December 21]], [[2005]], with Fujitsu and Spansion, pursuant to which it agreed not to directly or indirectly engage in a business that manufactures or supplies standalone semiconductor devices (including single chip, multiple chip or system devices) containing only Flash memory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.shareholder.com/s/viewerContent.aspx?companyid=SPSN&docid=4095716|title=Press release}}</ref>

===Mobile platforms===
[[Image:Better by Design Sticker -1.png|right|75px]]
{{main|AMD mobile platform}}

AMD started a platform in 2003 aimed at mobile computing, but, with fewer advertisements and promotional schemes, very little was known about the platform. The platform used [[List of AMD Athlon 64 microprocessors#Mobile processors|mobile Athlon 64]] or [[List of AMD Sempron microprocessors#Mobile processors|mobile Sempron]] processors.

As part of the "Better by design" initiative, the open mobile platform, announced February 2007 with announcement of general availability in May 2007, comes together with [[65 nm]] fabrication process [[Turion 64 X2]], and consists of three major components: an AMD processor, graphics from either [[NVIDIA]] or [[ATI Technologies]] which also includes integrated graphics ([[Integrated Graphics Processor|IGP]]), and wireless connectivity solutions from [[Atheros]], [[Broadcom]], [[Marvell Technology Group|Marvell]], [[Qualcomm]] or [[Realtek]].

Upcoming platforms being discussed are the ''[[AMD mobile platform#Puma platform|Puma]]'' platform and ''[[Griffin (processor)|Griffin]]'' processor to be released in 2008. AMD plans quad-core processors with 3D graphics capabilities (''[[AMD Fusion|Fusion]]'') to be launched in 2009 as the ''[[AMD mobile platform#Eagle platform|Eagle]]'' platform.

===Other initiatives===
*[[50x15]], digital inclusion, with targeted 50% of world population to be connected through Internet via affordable computers by the year of 2015.
*[[The Green Grid]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreengrid.org/|title=The Green Grid website}}</ref> founded by AMD together with other founders, such as [[IBM]], [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] and [[Microsoft]], to seek lower power consumption for grids. Intel was notably absent from the consortium when it was founded, and finally joined in early 2007 {{Fact|date=July 2007}}.
*Codenamed ''SIMFIRE'' interoperability testing tool for the [[Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware]] (DASH) open architecture.

===Software===
*Extensions for software parallelism (xSP), aimed at speeding up programs to enable multi-threaded and multi-core processing, announced in Technology Analyst Day 2007. One of the initiative being discussed since August 2007 is the Light Weight Profiling (LWP), providing internal hardware monitor with runtimes, to observe information about executing process and help the re-design of software to be optimized with multi-core and even multi-threaded programs. Another one is the extension of Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE) instruction set, the [[SSE5]].

===Technologies from ATI===
After the takeover of [[ATI Technologies|ATI]], AMD restructured some of the product lineups from both companies. Some products were being rebranded under the AMD brand, including the [[Imageon]] for [[mobile phone]]s and [[handheld]] devices, the [[Xilleon]] for [[consumer electronics]] (digital TV sets), ATI chipsets (to AMD chipsets) for AMD processors platform and [[AMD Stream Processor]] from previously [[FireStream]]. Some others retained the use of ATI branding, including the [[Radeon]] line of graphics, and chipsets for Intel processors.

==Production and fabrication==
{{Quote box|width=40%|align=right|quote=Only real men have fabs.|source=Former AMD [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] [[Jerry Sanders (businessman)|Jerry Sanders, III]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/02/25/only_real_men_have_fabs/|title=The Register}}</ref>}}

AMD produces their own processors in wholly owned semiconductor [[Fab (semiconductors)|Fabrication Plants]], called "FABs". AMD uses a "FAB x" [[naming convention]] for their production facilities, where "x" is the number
of years that have passed between the founding of AMD and the date the FAB opened.

At their Fabrication facilities, AMD utilizes a system called Automated Precision Manufacturing](APM). APM is a collection of manufacturing technologies AMD has developed over their history (many of which AMD holds patents for), which are designed to enhance the microprocessor production process, primarily in terms of [[Semiconductor fabrication#Device test|yield]]. Much of APM is related to removing the "human equation" from the manufacturing process by isolating in-process [[Wafer (electronics)|wafers]] in containers that are only exposed to clean room facilities. AMD claims that the technologies that combine to make APM are unique to the industry and make it the foremost semiconductor manufacturer in the world - a fact which is lent some credence by their current agreement with [[Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing]] based in Singapore. India's first Fab City, a silicon chip manufacturing facility, being setup with an investment of $3 billion by the AMD-SemIndia consortium.

AMD currently has a production agreement with foundry [[Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing]] which allows Chartered access to AMD Automated Precision Manufacturing (APM) process technology, in exchange for which Chartered will act as extra production capacity for AMD.

AMD, through the acquisition of ATI, also has manufacturing agreements with [[TSMC]] to produce ATI's lines of graphics and chipset processors. It is currently unclear how much of ATI's manufacturing needs will be moved to AMD's own fabs and how much will remain outsourced to other foundry companies, but AMD has announced plans for future processors to be outsourced to [[TSMC]], while coincidently TSMC had announced it had received orders to fabricate x86 processors.

===Current production facilities===
[[Image:Luftbild AMD Dresden 2005.jpg|thumb|''AMD [[Free State of Saxony|Saxony]]'' in [[Dresden]], Germany is the major wafer production site]]

AMD's main microprocessor manufacturing and design facilities are located in [[Dresden]], [[Germany]]. Highly integrated microprocessors are manufactured in Taiwan made by third-party manufacturers under strict license from AMD. Between 2003 and 2005, they constructed a second manufacturing ({{nowrap|300 mm}} [[90 nm]] process [[silicon on insulator|SOI]]) plant nearby in order to increase the number of chips they can produce, thus becoming more competitive with [[Intel]]. The new plant has been named "Fab 36", in recognition of AMD's 36 years of operation, and is expected to reach full production in mid-2007. AMD recently announced that they have just completed the conversion of Fab 36 from {{nowrap|90 nm}} to [[65 nm]] and have now shifted their focus to the [[45 nm]] conversion.<ref>Rick C. Hodgin. "[http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/33105/135/1/3/ Wrap-up: AMD outlines a bright future at Technology Analyst Day]", ''tgdaily.com'', Tigervision Media, [[2007-07-26]], pp.4. Retrieved on [[2007-07-29]].</ref>

AMD has planned expansions in their production capacity. In addition to the completion of Fab 36 in Dresden, AMD is planning to upgrade Fab 30 (adjacent to Fab 36) in Dresden from {{nowrap|200 mm}} 90 nm process [[silicon on insulator|SOI]] to a {{nowrap|300 mm}} {{nowrap|65 nm}} process [[silicon on insulator|SOI]] facility and rename it Fab 38. Originally, Fab 30 was supposed to begin {{nowrap|65 nm}} production in late 2007 but AMD recently announced they would slow down the upgrade to reduce capital expenditures.<ref>Anton Shilov. "[http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/other/display/20070721233729.html AMD’s Fab 36 Fully Converted to {{nowrap|65 nm}} Process Technology AMD. AMD Is Happy with {{nowrap|65 nm}} Yields, Including "Barcelona"]", ''xbitlabs.com'', X-bit labs, [[2007-07-21]]. Retrieved on [[2007-07-29]].</ref>

Furthermore, AMD announced plans to open a new $3.2 billion facility at the Luther Park Technology Campus in Stillwater, New York. This new Fab 4x will likely produce {{nowrap|300 mm}} [[32 nm]] process SOI production between years 2009 to 2010. Some speculation exists as to whether this facility will use high-K/metal gate technology that AMD obtained from [[IBM]].<ref>John G. Spooner. "[http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1980943,00.asp AMD to Build Factory in New York]", ''eweek.com'', Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc., [[2006-06-23]]. Retrieved on [[2007-07-29]].</ref>

In June 2006, [[Chartered Semiconductor]] began shipments of manufactured AMD microprocessors, many of which are shipped from Singapore to Taiwanese and Chinese OEM/ODM manufacturing companies that build computers for companies like [[Lenovo]] and [[Dell]].<ref>Anton Shilov. "[http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20060713014210.html AMD Begins Revenue Shipments of Processors Produced by Chartered. AMD Initiates Shipments of Chartered-Built CPUs]", ''xbitlabs.com'', X-bit labs, [[2006-07-13]]. Retrieved on [[2007-07-29]].</ref>

AMD maintains major design facilities in [[Fort Collins, CO]], [[Sunnyvale, CA]], [[Austin, TX]], [[Boxborough, MA]], and [[Bangalore, India]].

==Partnerships==
AMD utilizes strategic industry partnerships to further its business interests as well as to tackle Intel's dominance and resources. Notably [[NVIDIA]]'s [[nForce2]] chipset generated substantial revenues for NVIDIA as a popular enthusiast part.

A partnership between AMD and Alpha Processor Inc. developed [[HyperTransport]], a point-to-point interconnect standard which was turned over to an industry standards body for finalization. It is now used in modern AMD processor compatible motherboards.

AMD also formed a strategic partnership with IBM, under which AMD gained [[silicon on insulator]] (SOI) manufacturing technology, and detailed advice on [[90 nm]] implementation, the partnership was announced by AMD to be extended to 2011 for [[32 nm]] and [[22 nm]] fabrication related technologies.<ref>[http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/DarylOstranderAMDAnalystDay.pdf AMD Analyst Day June 2006 Presentation], slide 10</ref> Further, AMD is loosely partnered with end-user companies such as [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[Compaq]], [[ASUS]], [[Alienware]], [[Acer (company)|Acer]], [[Evesham Technology]], [[Dell]] and several others to facilitate processor distribution and sales.

On [[May 18]] [[2006]], Dell announced that it would roll out new servers based on AMD's Opteron chips by years end, thus ending an exclusive relationship with Intel. Dell also began offering AMD Athlon X2 chips in their desktop line-up in September 2006.

AMD is also a sponsor of the [[Scuderia Ferrari]] Marlboro F1 Team since 2002 and the [[Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team]] since [[2004]].

==Events and publications==
Although AMD has frequently stated the inability of providing information about upcoming products and plans, AMD holds Technology Analyst Days (which often shorten as simply "Analyst Day") annually or semi-annually to reveal and explain key future technologies, as well as official [[technology roadmap]]s. While the event held in mid-year is named as "Technology Analyst Day" with main focus on upcoming technologies and trends <ref>[http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/InvestorRelations/0,,51_306_15086,00.html AMD Technology Analyst Day 2007 page], retrieved December 14, 2007</ref> and the end-of-year event is named "Financial Analyst Day" and focused on the financial performance of the company during the previous quarters of the year <ref>[http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/InvestorRelations/0,,51_306_15401,00.html?redir=IRAD01 AMD Financial Analyst Day 2007 page], retrieved December 14, 2007</ref>

AMD also publishes [[printed media]]. Publications includes the AMD Accelerate and the discontinued AMDEdge. The AMD Accelerate magazine, published through [[Ziff Davis|Ziff Davis Media]], puts focus on [[SME]] and business applications while AMD Edge focused on overall technologies from AMD. AMD also has electronic [[newsletter]]s to promote server [[Opteron]] processors and related business solutions.

{{sect-stub}}

==See also==
=====Companies=====
*[[ATI Technologies]]
*[[Intel Corporation]]
*[[NexGen]]
*[[NVIDIA]]
*[[Spansion]]

=====People=====
*[[Jerry Sanders (businessman)|Jerry Sanders, III]]
*[[Edwin Turney|Ed Turney]]
*[[Dirk Meyer]]
*[[Héctor Ruiz]]
*[[Phillip Doyce Hester|Phil Hester]]

=====Products=====
{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}
*[[List of AMD microprocessors]]
*[[List of AMD CPU slots and sockets]]
*[[List of AMD Athlon microprocessors]]
*[[List of AMD Athlon XP microprocessors]]
*[[List of AMD Athlon 64 microprocessors]]
*[[List of AMD Phenom microprocessors]]
*[[List of AMD Duron microprocessors]]
*[[List of AMD Opteron microprocessors]]
*[[List of AMD Sempron microprocessors]]
*[[List of AMD Turion microprocessors]]
*[[Comparison of AMD Chipsets]]
{{col-2}}
*[[Comparison of ATI Graphics Processing Units]]
*[[Comparison of ATI Chipsets]]
*[[List of Intel chipsets]]
*[[Comparison of NVIDIA Graphics Processing Units]]
*[[Comparison of AMD Processors]]
*[[Comparison of Intel processors]]
*[[AMD Stream Processor]]
*[[Imageon]]
*[[Xilleon]]
{{col-end}}

=====Related technologies=====
*[[3DNow!]] and 3DNow! Professional
*[[Cool'n'Quiet]]
*[[PowerNow!]]
*[[Torrenza]]
*[[HyperTransport]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


*[http://www.digital-daily.com/editorial/amd-history/index.htm AMD: 30 Years of Pursuing the Leader]
*[http://www.cpu-collection.de/?l0=co&l1=AMD Cpu-collection.de AMD processor images and descriptions]
*[http://www.dvhardware.net/article4650.html AMD goes dual-core]
*[http://www.geek.com/why-amd-mhz-dont-equal-intel-mhz/ Why AMD-MHz don't equal Intel-MHz]
*[http://seekingalpha.com/transcripts/for/amd AMD's most recent conference call transcripts] 
*[http://www.theinquirer.net/default.aspx?article=34781 A look at AMD's manufacturing process technologies] 

==External links==

{{wikinews|AMD files antitrust lawsuit against Intel in US federal district court}}
{{wikinews|AMD joins forces with ATI}}
*[http://www.amd.com/ AMD Corporate Website]
*[http://www.amdlive.com/ AMD Live!]

{{Finance links
| name = Advanced Micro Devices
| symbol = AMD
| sec_cik = 2488
| hoovers = 10037
}}

===Technology===
*[http://www.amdcompare.com/prodoutlook/ Near term AMD interactive product outlook]
*[http://enterprise.amd.com/Enterprise/serverVirtualization.aspx AMD Powerpoint documents on the specification]
*[http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,1780606,00.asp AMD Previews 'Pacifica' Virtualization Technology]
*[http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1644414,00.asp AMD Preps 'Pacifica' Virtualization Technology]

{{AMD processors}}
{{ATI}}
{{IT giants}}

{{coor title dms|37|23|12.016|N|121|59|55.550|W|type:landmark}}

[[Category:Advanced Micro Devices|*]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley]]
[[Category:Semiconductor companies]]

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