Albert_Camus

{{Refimprove|talk=y|date=December 2007}}
{{otheruses|Camus}}
{{Infobox Philosopher
| region = Western Philosophy
| era = [[20th century philosophy]]
| color = #B0C4DE
| image_name = Camus_NYWT&S.jpg
| image_caption = Photograph of Albert Camus taken in 1957, part of the New York World-Telegram & Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, [[Library of Congress]]
| name = Albert Camus
| birth = [[November 7]], [[1913]] [[Drean|Mondovi]], [[Algeria]]
| death = {{death date and age|1960|1|4|1913|11|7}} [[Villeblevin]], [[France]]
| school_tradition = [[Absurdism]] [[Image:Nobel Prize.png|20px]] [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (1957)
| main_interests = [[Ethics]], [[Human nature|Humanity]], [[Justice]], [[Love]], [[Politics]]
| influences = [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Søren Kierkegaard]], [[Herman Melville]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Simone Weil]], [[Victor Hugo]], [[Pascal Pia]], [[George Orwell]], [[André Gide]]
| influenced = [[Thomas Merton]], [[Jacques Monod]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Orhan Pamuk]], [[Mohsin Hamid]]
| notable_ideas = "The absurd is the essential concept and the first truth" 
"Always go too far, because that's where you'll find the truth." 
"I rebel; therefore we exist."
}}
'''Albert Camus''' ({{IPA2|albɛʁ kamy}}) ([[November 7]], [[1913]] – [[January 4]], [[1960]]) was a [[France|French]] [[author]] and [[philosopher]] who won the [[Nobel prize]] in 1957. He is often associated with [[existentialism]], but Camus refused this label. On the other hand, as he wrote in his essay ''[[The Rebel]]'', his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of [[nihilism]]. His most important phrase for the future was: "All of us, among the ruins, are preparing a renaissance beyond the limits of nihilism. But few of us know it".

Camus preferred to be known as a man and a thinker, rather than as a member of a school or ideology. He preferred persons over ideas. In an interview in 1945, Camus rejected any ideological associations: “No, I am not an existentialist. [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]] and I are always surprised to see our names linked…”<ref>''Les Nouvelles litteraires'', [[November 15]], [[1945]]</ref>. In his collection of essays ''The Nuptials'' he wrote that he was a son of Greece.

Camus was the second-youngest recipient of the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] (after [[Rudyard Kipling]]) when he became the first African-born writer to receive the award, in 1957. He is also the shortest-lived of any literature laureate to date, having died in a car crash only three years after receiving the award.

==Early years==
Albert Camus was born on November 7, 1913 in [[Drean|Mondovi]], [[Algeria]] to a French-Algerian ([[pied-noir]]) settler family. His mother was of Spanish extraction. His father, Lucien, died in the [[First Battle of the Marne|Battle of the Marne]] in 1914 during the [[World War I|First World War]], while serving as a member of the [[Zouave]] infantry regiment. Camus lived in poor conditions during his childhood in the Belcourt section of [[Algiers]]. In 1923, he was accepted into the [[lycée]] and eventually to the [[University of Algiers]]. However, he contracted [[tuberculosis]] in 1930, which put an end to his [[football (soccer)|football]] activities (he had been a [[goalkeeper]] for the university team) and forced him to make his studies a part-time pursuit. He took odd jobs including private tutor, car parts clerk and work for the Meteorological Institute. He completed his ''licence de philosophie'' ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) in 1935; in May of 1936, he successfully presented his thesis on [[Plotinus]], ''Néo-Platonisme et Pensée Chrétienne'', for his ''diplôme d'études supérieures'' (roughly equivalent to an [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|M.A.]] by thesis). {{French literature (small)}}

Camus joined the [[French Communist Party]] in the Spring of 1935, apparently because of concerns about the political situation in [[Spain]] (which eventually resulted in the [[Spanish Civil War]]) rather than in support for [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] doctrine {{Fact|date=December 2007}}. In 1936, the independence-minded [[Algerian Communist Party]] (PCA) was founded. Camus joined the activities of the [[Algerian People's Party]] (''Le Parti du Peuple Algérien''), which got him into trouble with his Communist party comrades. As a result, he was denounced as a [[Trotskyism|Trotskyite]] and expelled from the party in 1937. Camus went on to be associated with the French [[Anarchism|anarchist]] movement. The anarchist [[Andre Prudhommeaux]] first introduced him at a meeting in 1948 of the Cercle des Etudiants Anarchistes (Anarchist Student Circle) as a sympathiser who was familiar with anarchist thought. Camus went on to write for anarchist publications such as [[Le Libertaire]], ''La révolution Proletarienne'' and ''[[Solidaridad Obrera (periodical)|Solidaridad Obrera]]'' (the organ of the [[anarcho-syndicalist]] [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]]). Camus also stood with the anarchists when they expressed support for the [[uprising of 1953 in East Germany]]. He again stood with the anarchists in 1956, first with the workers’ uprising in [[Poznan]], [[Poland]], and then later in the year with the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Revolution]].

In 1934, he married Simone Hie, a [[morphine]] addict, but the marriage ended due to infidelity on both sides. In 1935, he founded ''Théâtre du Travail'' — "Worker's Theatre" — (renamed ''Théâtre de l'Equipe'' ("Team's Theatre") in 1937), which survived until 1939. From 1937 to 1939 he wrote for a [[socialist]] paper, ''Alger-Républicain'', and his work included an account of the peasants who lived in [[Kabylie]] in poor conditions, which apparently cost him his job. From 1939 to 1940, he briefly wrote for a similar paper, ''Soir-Republicain''. He was rejected by the French army because of his tuberculosis.

In 1940, Camus married [[Francine Faure]], a pianist and mathematician. Although he loved Francine, he had argued passionately against the institution of marriage, dismissing it as unnatural. Even after Francine gave birth to twins, Catherine and Jean, on [[September 5]], [[1945]], he continued to joke wearily to friends that he was not cut out for marriage. Francine suffered numerous infidelities, particularly a public affair with the Spanish actress [[Maria Casares]]. In the same year Camus began to work for ''[[Paris-Soir]]'' magazine. In the first stage of [[World War II]], the so-called [[Phony War]] stage, Camus was a [[pacifism|pacifist]]. However, he was in [[Paris]] to witness how the [[Wehrmacht]] took over. On [[December 15]], [[1941]], Camus witnessed the execution of [[Gabriel Péri]], an event that Camus later said crystallized his revolt against the Germans. Afterwards he moved to [[Bordeaux]] alongside the rest of the staff of ''Paris-Soir''. In the same year he finished his first books, ''[[The Stranger (novel)|The Stranger]]'' and ''[[The Myth of Sisyphus]]''. He returned briefly to [[Oran]], Algeria in 1942.

== Literary career ==
During the war Camus joined the [[French Resistance]] cell ''[[Combat (newspaper)|Combat]]'', which published an underground newspaper of the same name. This group worked against the Nazis, and in it Camus assumed the [[pseudonym|nom de guerre]] "Beauchard". Camus became the paper's editor in 1943, and when the Allies liberated Paris, Camus reported on the last of the fighting. He was, however, one of the few French editors to publicly express opposition to the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|use of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima]] soon after the event on [[August 8]], [[1945]]. He eventually resigned from ''Combat'' in 1947, when it became a commercial paper. It was then that Camus became acquainted with [[Jean-Paul Sartre]].

After the war, Camus began frequenting the [[Café de Flore]] on the [[Boulevard Saint-Germain]] in [[Paris]] with Sartre. Camus also toured the [[United States]] to lecture about French thinking. Although he leaned [[left-wing politics|left]] politically, his strong criticisms of [[Communism|Communist]] doctrine did not win him any friends in the [[Communist Party|Communist parties]] and eventually also alienated Sartre.

In 1949 his tuberculosis returned and he lived in seclusion for two years. In 1951 he published ''[[The Rebel]]'', a philosophical analysis of rebellion and revolution which made clear his rejection of communism. The book upset many of his colleagues and contemporaries in France and led to the final split with Sartre. The dour reception depressed him and he began instead to translate plays.

Camus's first significant contribution to philosophy was his idea of the absurd, the result of our desire for clarity and meaning within a world and condition that offers neither, which he explained in ''[[The Myth of Sisyphus]]'' and incorporated into many of his other works, such as ''[[The Stranger (novel)|The Stranger]]'' and ''[[The Plague]]''. Despite the split from his “study partner,” Sartre, some still argue that Camus falls into the [[existentialist]] camp. However, he rejected that label himself in his essay ''Enigma'' and elsewhere (see: ''The Lyrical and Critical Essays of Albert Camus''). The current confusion may still arise as many recent applications of existentialism have much in common with many of Camus's ''practical'' ideas (see: ''Resistance, Rebellion, and Death''). However, the personal understanding he had of the world (e.g. "a benign indifference," in ''[[The Stranger (novel)|The Stranger]]''), and every vision he had for its progress (i.e. vanquishing the "adolescent furies" of history and society, in ''[[The Rebel]]'') undoubtedly sets him apart.

In the 1950s Camus devoted his efforts to [[human rights]]. In 1952 he resigned from his work for [[UNESCO]] when the [[UN]] accepted [[Spain]] as a member under the leadership of [[Francisco Franco|General Franco]]. In 1953 he criticized [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] methods to crush a workers' strike in [[East Berlin]]. In 1956 he protested against similar methods in [[Poland]] (protests in [[Poznań]]) and the Soviet repression of the Hungarian revolution in October.

[[Image:Camus Monument in Villeblevin France 17-august-2003.1.JPG|thumb|The monument to Camus built in the small town of [[Villeblevin]], France where he died in a car crash on [[January 4]], [[1960]]]]

He maintained his pacifism and resistance to [[capital punishment]] anywhere in the world. One of his most significant contributions to the movement against capital punishment was an essay collaboration with [[Arthur Koestler]], the writer, intellectual and founder of the League Against Capital Punishment.

[[Image:Camus Monument in Villeblevin France 17-august-2003.4.JPG|thumb|left|The bronze plaque on the monument to Camus, built in the small town of [[Villeblevin]], France. The plaque reads: "From the Yonne area's local council, in tribute to the writer Albert Camus who was watched over in the Villeblevin town hall in the night of [[January 4]] – [[5 January]] [[1960]]."]]

When the [[Algerian War of Independence]] began in 1954 it presented a moral dilemma for Camus. He identified with [[pied-noir]]s, and defended the French government on the grounds that revolt of its North African colony was really an integral part of the 'new Arab imperialism' led by Egypt and an 'anti-Western' offensive orchestrated by Russia to 'encircle Europe' and 'isolate the United States'<ref>''Actuelles III: Chroniques Algeriennes'', 1939–58</ref>. Although favouring greater Algerian [[self-governance|autonomy]] or even [[federation]], though not full-scale independence, he believed that the pied-noirs and Arabs could co-exist. During the war he advocated civil truce that would spare the civilians, which was rejected by both sides who regarded it as foolish. Behind the scenes, he began to work clandestinely for imprisoned Algerians who faced the death penalty.

From 1955 to 1956 Camus wrote for ''[[L'Express (France)|L'Express]]''. In 1957 he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in literature]], officially not for his novel ''[[The Fall (novel)|The Fall]]'', published the previous year, but for his writings against capital punishment in the essay ''Réflexions sur la Guillotine''. When he spoke to students at the [[University of Stockholm]], he defended his apparent inactivity in the Algerian question and stated that he was worried what could happen to his mother who still lived in Algeria. This led to further ostracism by French left-wing intellectuals.

Camus died on [[January 4]], [[1960]] in a car crash near [[Sens]], in a place named "Le Grand Fossard" in the small town of Villeblevin. In his coat pocket lay an unused train ticket. It is possible that he had planned to travel by train, but decided to go by car instead<ref>[http://www.raimes.com/seminar.htm]</ref>.
[[Image:20041113-002 Lourmarin Tombstone Albert Camus.jpg|thumb|Albert Camus's gravestone]]
The driver of the [[Facel Vega]] car, [[Michel Gallimard]] — his publisher and close friend — also perished in the accident. Camus was interred in the Lourmarin Cemetery, [[Lourmarin]], [[Vaucluse]], [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], [[France]].

He was survived by his twin children, Catherine and Jean, who hold the copyrights to his work.

After his death, two of Camus's works were published posthumously. The first, entitled ''[[A Happy Death]]'' published in 1970, featured a character named Meursault, as in ''[[The Stranger (novel)|The Stranger]]'', but there is some debate as to the relationship between the two stories. The second posthumous publication was an unfinished novel, ''[[The First Man]]'', that Camus was writing before he died. The novel was an [[autobiographical]] work about his childhood in [[Algeria]] and was published in 1995.

==Summary of Absurdism==
Many writers have written on the Absurd, each with his or her own interpretation of what the Absurd actually is and their own ideas on the importance of the Absurd. For example, [[Sartre]] recognizes the absurdity of individual experience, while [[Kierkegaard]] explains that the absurdity of certain religious truths prevent us from reaching God rationally. Camus was not the originator of Absurdism and regretted the continued reference to him as a ''philosopher of the absurd''. He shows less and less interest in the Absurd shortly after publishing ''Le Mythe de Sisyphe'' (''The Myth of Sisyphus''). To distinguish Camus's ideas of the Absurd from those of other philosophers, people sometimes refer to the '''Paradox of the Absurd''', when referring to ''Camus's Absurd''.

His early thoughts on the Absurd appeared in his first collection of essays, ''L'Envers et l'endroit'' (''The Two Sides Of The Coin'') in 1937. Absurd themes appeared with more sophistication in his second collection of essays, ''Noces'' (''Nuptials''), in 1938. In these essays Camus does not offer a philosophical account of the Absurd, or even a definition; rather he reflects on the experience of the Absurd. In 1942 he published the story of a man living an Absurd life as ''L'Étranger'' (''The Stranger''), and in the same year released ''Le Mythe de Sisyphe'' (''The Myth of Sisyphus''), a literary essay on the Absurd. He had also written a play about a Roman Emperor, [[Caligula]], pursuing an Absurd logic. However, the play was not performed until 1945. The turning point in Camus's attitude to the Absurd occurs in a collection of four letters to an anonymous German friend, written between July 1943 and July 1944. The first was published in the ''Revue Libre'' in 1943, the second in the ''Cahiers de Libération'' in 1944, and the third in the newspaper ''Libertés'', in 1945. All four letters have been published as ''Lettres à un ami allemand'' (''[[Letters to a German Friend]]'') in 1945, and have appeared in the collection ''[[Resistance, Rebellion, and Death]]''.

==Camus's ideas on the Absurd==
In his essays Camus presented the reader with dualisms: happiness and sadness, dark and light, life and death, etc. His aim was to emphasize the fact that happiness is fleeting and that the human condition is one of mortality. He did this not to be morbid, but to reflect a greater appreciation for life and happiness. In ''Le Mythe'', this dualism becomes a paradox: We value our lives and existence so greatly, but at the same time we know we will eventually die, and ultimately our endeavours are meaningless. While we can live with a dualism (''I can accept periods of unhappiness, because I know I will also experience happiness to come''), we cannot live with the paradox (''I think my life is of great importance, but I also think it is meaningless''). In ''Le Mythe'', Camus was interested in how we experience the Absurd and how we live with it. Our life must have meaning for us to value it. If we accept that life has no meaning and therefore no value, should we kill ourselves?

Meursault, the Absurdist hero of ''L'Étranger,'' is a murderer who is executed for his crime. Caligula ends up admitting his Absurd logic was wrong and is killed by an assassination he has deliberately brought about. However, while Camus possibly suggests that Caligula's Absurd reasoning is wrong, the play's anti-hero does get the last word, as the author similarly exalts Meursault's final moments.

Camus's understanding of the Absurd promotes public debate; his various offerings entice us to think about the Absurd and offer our own contribution. Concepts such as cooperation, joint effort and solidarity are of key importance to Camus.

Camus made a significant contribution to a viewpoint of the Absurd, and always rejected [[nihilism]] as a valid response. <blockquote>"If nothing had any meaning, you would be right. But there is something that still has a meaning." ''Second Letter to a German Friend'', December 1943.</blockquote>

It then follows that existentialism tends to view human beings as subjects in an indifferent, objective, often ambiguous, and "[[absurdism|absurd]]" universe, in which meaning is not provided by the natural order, but rather can be created, however provisionally and unstably, by human beings' actions and interpretations.

==Opposition to totalitarianism==
Throughout his life, Camus spoke out against and actively opposed totalitarianism in its many forms, be it German [[Fascism]] or the total revolutionary philosophy of radical [[Marxism]] <ref>[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0397camu.php Interview with Catherine Camus]</ref>. Early on, Camus was active within the [[French Resistance]] to the German occupation of France during World War II, even directing the famous Resistance journal, ''Combat''. On the French collaboration with [[Nazi]] occupiers he wrote:
:Now the only moral value is courage, which is useful here for judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend to speak in the name of the people…{{citequote|article}}

Camus's well-known falling out with Sartre is linked to this opposition to [[totalitarianism]]. Camus detected a reflexive [[totalitarianism]] in the mass politics espoused by [[Sartre]] in the name of radical [[Marxism]]. This was apparent in his work ''L'Homme Révolté'' (''The Rebel'') which not only was an assault on the Soviet police state, but also questioned the very nature of mass revolutionary politics. Camus continued to speak out against the atrocities of the [[Soviet Union]], a sentiment captured in his 1957 speech, ''[[The Blood of the Hungarians]]'', commemorating the anniversary of the [[1956 Hungarian Revolution]], an uprising crushed in a bloody assault by the Red Army.

==Bibliography==
[[Image:Camus1957.jpg|thumb|Camus in 1957]]
===Novels===
*''[[The Stranger (novel)|The Stranger]]'' (''L'Étranger'', often translated as ''The Outsider'') (1942)
*''[[The Plague]]'' (''La Peste'') (1947)
*''[[The Fall (novel)|The Fall]]'' (''La Chute'') (1956)
*''[[A Happy Death]]'' (''La Mort heureuse'') (written 1936-1938, published posthumously 1971)
*''[[The First Man]]'' (''Le premier homme'') (incomplete, published posthumously 1995)

===Short stories===
*''[[Exile and the Kingdom]]'' (''L'exil et le royaume'') (a collection of long and short stories) (1957)

===Non-fiction===
*''[[Betwixt and Between]]'' (''L'envers et l'endroit'', also translated as ''The Wrong Side and the Right Side'') (Collection, 1937)
*''[[The Myth of Sisyphus]]'' (''Le Mythe de Sisyphe'') (1942)
*''[[The Rebel]]'' (''L'Homme révolté'') (1951)
*''[[Notebooks 1935-1942]]'' (''Carnets, mai 1935 — fevrier 1942'') (1962)
*''[[Notebooks 1943-1951]]'' (1965)
*''[[Nuptials (Camus)|Nuptials]]'' (''Noces'')

===Essays===
*''[[Create Dangerously]]'' (''Essay on Realism and Artistic Creation'') (1957)
*''[[The Ancient Greek Tragedy]]'' (''Parnassos lecture in Greece'') (1956)
*''[[The Crisis of Man]]'' (''Lecture on Columbia University'') (1946)
*''[[Why Spain?]]'' (''Essay for the theatrical play L' Etat de Siege'') (1948)
*''[[Reflections on the guillotine|Reflections on the Guillotine]]'' (''Réflexions sur la guillotine'') (Extended essay, 1957)
*''[[Neither Victims Nor Executioners]]'' (''Combat'') (1946)

===Plays===
*''[[Caligula (play)|Caligula]]'' (performed 1945, written 1938)
*''Requiem for a Nun'' (''Requiem pour une nonne'', adapted from [[William Faulkner]]'s novel by the same name) (1956)
*''[[The Misunderstanding]]'' (''Le Malentendu'') (1944)
*''[[The State of Siege]]'' ''[[L' Etat de Siege]]'' (1948)
*''[[The Just Assassins]]'' (''Les Justes'') (1949)
*''[[The Possessed (play)|The Possessed]]'' (''Les Possédés'', adapted from [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Dostoyevsky]]'s [[The Possessed (novel)|novel by the same name]]) (1959)

===Collections===
*''[[Resistance, Rebellion, and Death]]'' (1961) - a collection of essays selected by the author.
*''Lyrical and Critical Essays'' (1970)
*''Youthful Writings'' (1976)
*''Between Hell and Reason: Essays from the Resistance Newspaper "Combat", 1944-1947'' (1991)
*''Camus at "Combat": Writing 1944-1947'' (2005)

==Cultural influences==
===Film===
Several of Camus's works have been adapted into movies. ''The Stranger'' has been adapted into an Italian [[The Stranger (1967 movie)|1967 movie]] by [[Luchino Visconti]], and also to a 2001 Turkish adaptation titled ''Yazgi'' (''Fate'') by [[Zeki Demirkubuz]]. ''The Plague'' was adapted to a 1992 film titled ''La Peste'' by [[Luis Puenzo]] and set in modern day America.

===Music===
Quite a few musical artists refer to Camus and his work in their music. The [[post-punk]] band [[The Fall (band)|The Fall]] took their name from Camus's novel ''[[The Fall (novel)|The Fall]]''. These also include an album by
[[Jeff Martin (Canadian musician)|Jeff Martin]](''[[Exile and the Kingdom (album)|Exile and the Kingdom]]'', 2006) and songs by [[Gentle Giant]] ("[[Octopus (album)|A Cry for Everyone]]", 1972), [[The Cure]] ("[[Killing an Arab]]", 1978), [[Tuxedomoon]] ("The Stranger", 1979), [[The Magnetic Fields]] ("[[69 Love Songs|I Don't Want To Get Over You]]", 1999), [[The Manic Street Preachers]] ("[[The Masses Against The Classes]]", 2000), [[JJ72]] ("[[JJ72 (album)|Algeria]]", 2000), [[Suede (band)|Suede]] ("[[Obsessions]]", 2002), [[Streetlight Manifesto]] ("[[Everything Goes Numb|Here's To Life]]", 2003), [[A Perfect Circle]] ("[[Thirteenth Step|A Stranger]]" and "[[The Outsider (A Perfect Circle song)|The Outsider]]", 2003), [[Angela McCluskey]] ("[[The Things We Do|Know it All]]", 2004), [[Joanna Newsom]] ("[[The Milk-Eyed Mender|This Side of the Blue]]", 2004), and [[Tarkio (band)|Tarkio]] ("[[Omnibus (album)|Neapolitan Bridesmaid]]", 2006)

==Further reading==
* ''Camus'' (1959) by Germaine Brée (ISBN 1-122-01570-4)
* ''Camus'' (1966) by Adele King (ISBN 0-050-01423-4)
* ''Camus: vida e obra'' (1970) by Vicente de Paulo Barretto.
* ''Albert Camus: A Biography'' (1997) by Herbert R. Lottman (ISBN 3-927258-06-7)
* ''Albert Camus and the Minister'' (2000) by Howard E. Mumma (ISBN 1-55725-246-7)
* ''Albert Camus, The Artist in the Arena'' (1965) by Emmett Parker ({{OCLC|342770}})
* ''Albert Camus, A Study of His Work'' (1957) by Philip Malcolm Waller Thody ({{OCLC|342101}})
* ''Albert Camus: A Life'' (2000) by Olivier Todd (ISBN 0-7867-0739-9)
* ''Albert Camus. Kunst und Moral'' by Heiner Wittmann (ISBN 3-631-39525-6)
* ''Ethics and Creativity in the Political thought of Simone Weil and Albert Camus'' 2004 by Dr. John Randolph LeBlanc (ISBN 978-0-7734-6567-1)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{fr icon}} [http://www.incipitblog.com/index.php/2006/06/17/albert-camus-la-chute-1956/ Audio book (mp3)]: ''The Fall'' (''La Chute'', 1956)
* [http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1957/ Nobel Prize in Literature (1957) Link]
* [http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20040405&s=jacoby&c=1 "Accidental Friends" the story of the Camus-Sartre friendship and very public breakup]
* http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2013 (Conversations about Christianity)
* [http://www.3ammagazine.com/litarchives/2003/jan/interview_catherine_camus.html Interview with daughter Catherine - 3AM]
* [http://www.spikemagazine.com/0397camu.php Another interview with daughter Catherine - Spike]
* [http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/The-Logic-of-Existential-Meaning/217 The Logic of Existential Meaning]
* [http://www.camus-society.com Albert Camus Society UK]
* [http://www.lesjustes.co.uk Lesjustes.co.uk : English synopsis of "Les Justes" for students]
* [http://www.the-ledge.com/flash/ledge.php?book=47&lan=UK Camus 'Bookweb' on literary website The Ledge, with suggestions for further reading.]
* {{fr icon}} {{PDFlink|[http://membres.lycos.fr/fabiensolda/darticles%20francais/PM-OM%20et%20Camus2.pdf Pierre Michel, ''Albert Camus et Octave Mirbeau'']|640 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]}}

{{Camus}}
{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1951-1975}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Camus, Albert
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Algerian-French author and philosopher
|DATE OF BIRTH= {{birth date|1913|11|7|mf=y}}
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Drean|Mondovi]], [[Algeria]]
|DATE OF DEATH= {{death date|1960|1|4|mf=y}}
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Villeblevin]], [[France]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Camus, Albert}}
[[Category:French atheists]]
[[Category:Atheist philosophers]]
[[Category:French philosophers of the 20th century]]
[[Category:Existentialists]]
[[Category:French anarchists]]
[[Category:French Communist Party members]]
[[Category:French dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:French essayists]]
[[Category:French journalists]]
[[Category:French novelists]]
[[Category:Anti-death penalty activists]]
[[Category:French Resistance members]]
[[Category:Spanish-French people]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]
[[Category:French Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Pieds-noirs]]
[[Category:Road accident deaths in France]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]

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[[sr:Албер Ками]]
[[sh:Alber Kami]]
[[fi:Albert Camus]]
[[sv:Albert Camus]]
[[ta:அல்பேர்ட் காம்யு]]
[[vi:Albert Camus]]
[[tr:Albert Camus]]
[[uk:Камю Альбер]]
[[zh:阿尔贝·加缪]]