{{Infobox Person
| name = Alexander Fleming
| image = Faroe stamp 079 europe (fleming).jpg
| image_size = 180px
| caption = [[Faroe Islands]] stamp commemorating Fleming
| birth_date = [[6 August]] [[1881]]
| birth_place = [[Lochfield]], [[Scotland]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1955|03|11|1881|08|6|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = [[biologist]] and [[pharmacologist]]
| title =
| spouse = Sarah Marion (dec.), Amalia Vourekas
| parents = Hugh and Grace Fleming
| children = Robert
| nationality =
| website =
}}
Sir '''Alexander Fleming''' ([[6 August]] [[1881]] – [[11 March]] [[1955]]) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[biologist]] and [[pharmacologist]]. Fleming published many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. His best-known achievements are the discovery of the [[enzyme]] [[lysozyme]] in [[1922]] and isolation of the [[antibiotic]] substance [[penicillin]] from the fungus ''[[Penicillium notatum]]'' in 1928, for which he shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1945 with [[Howard Walter Florey|Florey]] and [[Ernst Boris Chain|Chain]].<ref>{{cite news|date=[[1945-12-11]]|title=Sir Alexander Fleming – Biography|publisher=Nobel|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html}}</ref>
== Birth and education==
[[Image:StMarys80section.jpg|thumb|St.Mary's Hospital in London.]]
Alexander Flemming was born on [[6 August]] [[1881]] at [[Lochfield]] [[farm]] near [[Darvel]] in [[East Ayrshire]]. He was the third of the four children of Hugh Fleming ([[1816]] – [[1888]]) from his second marriage to Grace Stirling Morton ([[1848]] – [[1928]]), the daughter of a neighbouring farmer. Hugh Fleming had four surviving children from his first marriage. He was 59 at the time of his second marriage, and died when Alexander (known as Alec) was seven.
Fleming went to Loudoun Moor School and Darvel School, and then for two years to [[Kilmarnock Academy]]. After working in a shipping office for four years, the twenty year old Fleming inherited some money from an uncle, John Fleming. (For the story about his father rescuing a boy, see the section ''fable''). His older brother, Tom, was already a physician and suggested to his younger sibling that he follow the same career, and so in 1901, the younger Alexander enrolled at [[St Mary's Hospital (London)|St Mary's Hospital]], London. He qualified for the school with distinction in 1906 and had the option of becoming a surgeon.
By chance, however, he had been a member of the rifle club (he had been an active member of the [[Territorial Army]] since 1900). The captain of the club, wishing to retain Fleming in the team suggested that he join the research department at St Mary's, where he became assistant bacteriologist to Sir [[Almroth Wright]], a pioneer in [[vaccine]] therapy and immunology. He gained M.B. and then B.Sc. with Gold Medal in 1908, and became a lecturer at St. Mary's until 1914. On [[23 December]] [[1915]], Fleming married a trained nurse, Sarah Marion McElroy of [[Killala]], Ireland, who died in 1949. Their only child, Robert, became a [[General practitioner|general medical practitioner]]. After Sarah's death, Fleming married Dr. [[Amalia Fleming|Amalia Koutsouri-Vourekas]], a Greek colleague at St. Mary's, on [[9 April]] [[1953]]; she died in 1986.
Fleming served throughout World War I as a captain in the [[Royal Army Medical Corps|Army Medical Corps]], and was [[mentioned in dispatches]]. He and many of his colleagues worked in battlefield hospitals at the [[Western Front]] in [[France]]. In 1918 he returned to St.Mary's Hospital, which was a teaching hospital. He was elected Professor of Bacteriology in 1928.
==Work before penicillin==
[[Image:Lysozyme crystal1.JPG|thumb|A single crystal of lysozyme.]]
After the war, Fleming actively searched for anti-bacterial agents having witnessed the death of many soldiers from septicemia resulting from infected wounds. Unfortunately [[antiseptics]] killed the patients' immunological defences more effectively than they killed the invading bacteria. In an article he submitted for the medical journal ''[[The Lancet]]'' during [[World War I]], Fleming described an ingenious experiment, which he was able to conduct as a result of his own glass blowing skills, in which he explained why antiseptics were actually killing more soldiers than infection itself during WWI. Antiseptics worked well on the surface, but deep wounds tended to shelter anaerobic bacteria from the antiseptic agent, and antiseptics seemed to remove beneficial agents produced that actually protected the patients in these cases at least as well as they removed bacteria, and did nothing to remove the bacteria that were out of reach. Sir [[Almroth Wright]] strongly supported Fleming's findings, but despite this, most army physicians over the course of WWI continued to use antiseptics even in cases where this worsened the condition of the patients.
In 1922, Fleming discovered [[lysozyme]], the "body's own antibiotic", and that it has a weak anti-bacterial property.<ref>Fleming A. On a remarkable bacteriolytic element found in tissues and secretions. ''Proc Roy Soc Ser B'' 1922;93:306-17.</ref>
==Accidental discovery==
[[Image:PenicillinPSAedit.jpg|thumb|Miracle cure.]]
By 1928, he was investigating the properties of [[staphylococcus|staphylococci]]. He was already well-known from his earlier work, and had developed a reputation as a brilliant researcher, but quite careless lab technician; he often forgot cultures that he worked on, and his lab in general was usually in chaos. After returning from a long holiday, Fleming noticed that many of his culture dishes were contaminated with a fungus and he threw the dishes in disinfectant. But on one occasion, he had to show a visitor what he had been researching, and so he retrieved some of the unsubmerged dishes that he would have otherwise discarded, when he then noticed a zone around an invading fungus where the bacteria could not seem to grow. Fleming proceeded to isolate an extract from the mould, correctly identified it as being from the ''[[Penicillium]]'' genus, and therefore named the agent [[penicillin]].
He investigated its positive anti-bacterial effect on many organisms, and noticed that it affected bacteria such as staphylococci, and indeed all Gram-positive pathogens ([[scarlet fever]], [[pneumonia]], [[gonorrhea]], [[meningitis]], [[diphtheria|diphtheria ]]) but unfortunately not [[typhoid|typhoid ]]or [[paratyphoid]], for which he was seeking a cure at the time.
Fleming published his discovery in 1929 in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology, but little attention was paid to his article. Fleming continued his investigations, but found that cultivating penicillium was quite difficult, and that after having grown the mould, it was even more difficult to isolate the antibiotic agent. Fleming's impression was that because of the problem of producing it in quantity, and because its action appeared to be rather slow, penicillin would not be important in treating infection. Fleming also became convinced that penicillin would not last long enough in the human body (in vivo) to kill bacteria effectively. Many clinical tests were inconclusive, probably because it had been used as a surface antiseptic. In the 1930s, Fleming’s trials occasionally showed more promise,<ref>[http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7516/579-c/DC1 Keith Bernard Rogers], who worked with Fleming, was treated with penicillin during their research.</ref> and he continued, until 1940, to try and interest a chemist skilled enough to further refine usable penicillin.
==Purification to a stable form and industrial scale production==
[[Image:Penicillin 3D Model.png|thumb|3D-model of benzylpenicillin.]]
[[Ernst Boris Chain|Ernst Chain]] worked out how to isolate and concentrate penicillin. He also correctly theorised the structure of penicillin. Shortly after the team published its first results in 1940, Fleming telephoned [[Howard_Florey,_Baron_Florey|Florey]], Chain's head of department to say that he would be visiting within the next few days. When Chain heard that he was coming he remarked "Good God! I thought he was dead".
[[Norman Heatley]] suggested transferring the active ingredient of penicillin back into water by changing its acidity. This produced enough of the drug to begin testing on animals.
Sir Henry Harris said in 1998: "Without Fleming, no Chain; without Chain, no Florey; without Florey, no Heatley; without Heatley, no penicillin." There were many more people involved in the Oxford team, and at one point the entire Dunn School was involved in its production.
After the team had developed a method of purifying penicillin to an effective first stable form in 1940, several clinical trials ensued, and their amazing success inspired the team to develop methods for mass production and mass distribution in 1945.
Fleming was modest about his part in the development of penicillin, describing his fame as the "Fleming Myth" and he praised Florey and Chain for transforming the laboratory curiosity into a practical drug. Fleming was the first to isolate the active substance, giving him the privilege of naming it: penicillin. He also kept, grew and distributed the original mould for twelve years, and continued until 1940 to try to get help from any chemist that had enough skill to make a stable form of it for mass production. There were many failed attempts around Fleming towards stabilising the substance before Florey organized his large and very skilled biochemical research team in 1938 at Oxford to undertake the immense and innovative work that had to be done to produce a stable 'mass produce-able' penicillin.
==Antibiotics==
[[Image:EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg|thumb|E. coli]]
Fleming's accidental discovery and isolation of penicillin in September 1928 marks the start of modern [[antibiotics]].
Fleming also discovered very early that [[bacteria]] developed [[antibiotic resistance]] whenever too little penicillin was used or when it was used for too short a period.
[[Almroth Wright]] had predicted the [[Antibiotic resistance]] even before it was noticed during experiments.
Fleming cautioned about the use of penicillin in his many speeches around the world. He cautioned not to use penicillin unless there was a properly diagnosed reason for it to be used, and that if it were used, never to use too little, or for too short a period, since these are the circumstances under which bacterial [[Antibiotic resistance|resistance]] to antibiotics develops.
==Fable==
The popular story of [[Lord Randolph Churchill|Winston Churchill's father]]'s paying for Fleming's education after Fleming's father saved young [[Winston Churchill|Winston]] from death is false. According to the biography, ''Penicillin Man: Alexander Fleming and the Antibiotic Revolution'' by [[Kevin Brown (historian of medicine)|Kevin Brown]], Alexander Fleming is quoted as saying that this was "a wondrous fable". Nor did he save Winston Churchill himself during WWII. Churchill was saved by [[Lord Moran]], using [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulphonamide]]s, since he had no experience with penicillin, when Churchill fell ill in Carthage in Tunisia in 1943. The ''Daily Telegraph'' and the ''Morning Post'' on [[21 December]] [[1943]] wrote that he had been saved by penicillin. It is possible that, as sulphonamide was a [[Germany|German]] discovery, and there was a war with Germany, that the patriotic pride in the miracle cure of penicillin had something to do with this error in reporting.
==Death and legacy ==
In 1955, Fleming died suddenly at his home in [[London]] of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]. He was cremated and his ashes interred in [[St Paul's Cathedral]] a week later. His discovery of penicillin had changed the world of modern medicine by introducing the age of useful [[antibiotic]]s; penicillin has saved, and is still saving, millions of people. His widow presented his Nobel Prize medal to the [[Savage Club]] (a London Gentlemen's club), where Fleming was a member. The Medal is still proudly displayed among the Club's artifacts.
==Accolades==
* Fleming, Florey, and Chain jointly received the [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] in 1945. According to the rules of the Nobel committee a maximum of three people may share the prize.
* Fleming was awarded the Hunterian Professorship by the Royal College of Surgeons of England
* Fleming was knighted in 1944.
* Florey received the greater honour of a [[peerage]] for his monumental work in making penicillin available to the public and saving millions of lives in World War II, becoming a Baron.
* The discovery of penicillin was ranked as the most important discovery of the millennium when the year 2000 was approaching by at least 3 large Swedish magazines.<ref>{{cite news|date=[[1999-12-16]]|title=Greatest Hero of the Millennium|publisher=Ny Teknik|url=http://www.nyteknik.se/pub/ipsart.asp?art_id=1462}}</ref> It is impossible to know how many lives have been saved by this discovery, but some of these magazines placed their estimate near 200 million lives.
==See also==
*[[Discovery of penicillin]]
==Other books==
* ''The Life Of Sir Alexander Fleming'', Jonathan Cape, 1959. Maurois, André.
* ''Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1942-1962'', Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1964
* ''An Outline History of Medicine''. London: Butterworths, 1985. Rhodes, Philip.
* ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine''. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Porter, Roy, ed.
* ''Penicillin Man: Alexander Fleming and the Antibiotic Revolution'', Stroud, Sutton, 2004. Brown, Kevin.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html Alexander Fleming Biography]
*[http://www.importantscots.com/sir-alexander-fleming.htm Sir Alexander Fleming - Important Scots]
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{{succession box | before=[[Alastair Sim]]| title=[[Rector of the University of Edinburgh]] | years=1951–1954 | after=[[Sydney Smith (forensic expert)|Sydney Smith]]}}
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{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1926-1950}}
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[[Category:Scottish microbiologists]]
[[Category:Scottish pharmacologists]]
[[Category:Scottish biologists]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:Scottish Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Royal Army Medical Corps officers]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:People from East Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Deaths by myocardial infarction]]
[[Category:Burials at St Paul's Cathedral]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
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