[[Image:Ambergris.jpg|thumb|Ambergris]]
'''Ambergris''' ('''Ambra grisea''', '''Ambre gris''', '''ambergrease''', or '''grey [[amber]]''') is a solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish color, with the shades being variegated like [[marble]]. It possesses a peculiar sweet, earthy odor similar to [[isopropyl alcohol]]. Although it is now largely replaced by synthetics, it is still used as a [[fixative]] in [[perfumery]].
== Source ==
Ambergris occurs as a [[biliary]] [[secretion]] of the [[intestines]] of the [[sperm whale]], and can be found floating upon the sea, or in the sand near the coast. Because [[giant squid]]s' beaks have been found embedded within lumps of ambergris, scientists have theorized that the whale's intestine produces the substance as a means of facilitating the passage of hard, sharp objects that the whale might have inadvertently eaten. Ambergris can be found in the [[Atlantic Ocean]]; on the coasts of [[Brazil]] and [[Madagascar]]; and on the coast of [[Africa]], of the [[East Indies]], [[The Maldives]], [[mainland China]], [[Japan]], [[India]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[Maluku Islands|Molucca islands]]. However, most commercially collected ambergris came from the [[Bahama Islands]], [[New Providence Island|Providence Island]], etc. It is also sometimes found in the [[abdomen]]s of [[whale]]s. Additionally, Herman Melville makes mention of ambergris in ''Moby-Dick'' in the chapter "Fast Fish and Loose Fish." He discusses at length how ambergris was commonly found in dead whales floating in the South Pacific.
== Physical properties ==
Ambergris is found in lumps of various shapes and sizes, weighing from ½ [[ounce|oz]] (14 [[gram|g]]) to 100 or more [[pound (mass)|pound]]s (45.36 or more [[kilogram|kg]]). When initially expelled by or removed from the whale, the fatty precursor of ambergris is pale white in color (sometimes streaked with black), soft in consistency, with a strong fecal smell. Following months to years of [[photo-degradation]] and [[oxidation]] in the ocean, this precursor gradually hardens, developing a dark gray or black color, a crusty and waxy texture, and a peculiar odor that is at once sweet, earthy, marine, and animalic. Its smell has been described by many as a vastly richer and smoother version of [[isopropanol]] without its stinging harshness.
In this developed condition, ambergris has a [[specific gravity]] ranging from 0.780 to 0.926. It melts at about 62 [[degree (temperature)|°]][[celsius|C]] to a fatty, yellow resinous liquid; and at 100 °C it is volatilized into a white vapor. It is soluble in [[diethyl ether|ether]], and in volatile and fixed oils. Ambergris is relatively nonreactive to [[acid]]. White crystals of a substance called [[ambrein]], can be separated from ambergris by heating raw ambergris in alcohol then allowing the resulting solution to cool.
== Replacement compounds and economics ==
Historically, the primary commercial use of ambergris has been in [[Perfume|fragrance]] chemistry, although it has also been used for [[medicine|medicinal]] and [[flavoring]] purposes. Ambergris has historically been an important perfume odorant and is highly sought. However, it is difficult to get a consistent and reliable supply of high quality ambergris. Due to demand for ambergris and its high price, replacement compounds have been sought out by the fragrance industry and [[chemical synthesis|chemically synthesized]]. The most important of these is [[ambrox]], which has largely taken its place and is the most widely used ambergris-replacement odorant in perfume manufacture. The oldest and most commercially significant synthesis of ambrox is from [[sclareol]] (primarily extracted from [[clary sage]]), although syntheses have been devised from a variety of other natural products, including [[cis-abienol]] and [[thujone]]. Procedures for the microbial production of ambrox have also been devised.<ref> Cheetham, P. S. J., "The use of biotransformations for the production of flavors and fragrances - flavor, fragrance and cosmetic production by biotransformations by fungus, yeast and bacterium," '''Trends Biotechnology'''. 11(11):478-88, 1993.</ref>
Raw ambergris fetches approximately US$10 per gram (as of 2006), with much higher prices possible for particularly high-quality samples.<ref name=nytimesambergris>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/nyregion/18whale.html?ex=1324098000&en=6ebc160b97a75ddd&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss NYTimes article]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4642722.stm BBC article]</ref> In the [[United States]], importing, buying, or selling ambergris — including ambergris that has washed ashore — was considered a violation of the [[Marine Mammal Protection Act]] of 1972.<ref name=MMPA>[http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/laws/mmpa_regs_216.pdf MMPA]</ref>
However, in 2001 this ruling was overturned, and ambergris was deemed not to be a byproduct of the whaling industry, since the whale expels this substance naturally. There is currently no prohibition in the buying and selling of ambergris in the United States.
== Historical and Cross-Cultural Uses==
Ambergris has been mostly known for its use in creating perfume and fragrance much like musk. While perfumes can still be found with Ambergris around the world, American perfumers usually avoid it due to legal ambiguities. The ancient Chinese called the substance "dragon's spittle fragrance." <ref> [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa029&articleID=2E5F81BB-E7F2-99DF-3928BF47EA6CBAC3] </ref> Also, ancient Egyptians used burned ambergris as incense. During the [[Black Death]] in Europe, the people believed that carrying a ball of ambergris could help prevent them from getting the plague. This was because the fragrance covered the smell of the air which was believed to be the cause of plague.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
This substance has also been used historically as a flavouring for food. As such, the favourite dish of King Charles II of England is said to have been eggs and ambergris. Middle Easterners have also used it as a spice for food and drinks.
Ambergris has also been used as a form of medical supplement. Middle Easterners have used it to increase strength and virility and to treat heart and brain disease. In some cases, people consider ambergris as an aphrodisiac. Also, during the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a medication for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other ailments. <ref> [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa029&articleID=2E5F81BB-E7F2-99DF-3928BF47EA6CBAC3] </ref>
Ambergris was also moulded, dried, decorated and worn as jewellery, particularly during the European Renaissance. It was often formed into beads.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/support/lib/seas/seasQA/QAs/a/ambergris.html University of Miami Ambergris FAQ (out dated info)]
* [http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/editors_pick/1933_05-06_pick.html Natural History Magazine Article: Floating Gold -- The Romance of Ambergris]
* [http://www.netstrider.com/documents/ambergris/ Ambergris - A Pathfinder and Annotated Bibliography]
* [http://www.cropwatch.org/amber.htm On the chemistry and ethics of Ambergris]
* [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa029&articleID=2E5F81BB-E7F2-99DF-3928BF47EA6CBAC3 ''Scientific American'' Strange but True: Whale Waste Is Extremely Valuable]
{{1911}}
{{Whaling}}
[[Category:Perfumery]]
[[Category:Whale products]]
[[Category:Animal glandular products]]
[[ar:عنبر]]
[[da:Ambra]]
[[de:Ambra]]
[[es:Ámbar gris]]
[[eo:Ambro]]
[[fr:Ambre gris]]
[[it:Ambra grigia]]
[[nl:Amber (potvis)]]
[[ja:龍涎香]]
[[no:Ambra]]
[[pl:Ambra]]
[[pt:Âmbar cinza]]
[[ru:Амбра]]
[[fi:Ambra]]
[[sv:Ambra]]
[[uk:Амбра]]
[[zh:龍涎香]]