Amos_Bronson

{{Infobox Person
| name = Amos Bronson Alcott
| image = Amos_Bronson_Alcott.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = [[November 29]], [[1799]]
| birth_place = [[Wolcott, Connecticut]]
| death_date = [[March 4]], [[1888]]
| death_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
| education =
| occupation = Educator <br> Writer
| spouse = [[Abby May]]
| parents =
| children =
}}
'''Amos Bronson Alcott''' ([[November 29]], [[1799]] - [[March 4]], [[1888]]) was an [[United States|American]] teacher and writer. He is remembered for founding a short-lived and unconventional school as well as a [[utopia]]n community known as "[[Fruitlands (transcendental center)|Fruitlands]]", and for his association with [[Transcendentalism]].

==Life and work==
===Early life===
Alcott was born on Spindle Hill in the town of [[Wolcott, Connecticut|Wolcott]], [[New Haven County, Connecticut|New Haven County]], [[Connecticut]] on [[November 29]], [[1799]]. His father, Joseph Chatfield Alcox, was a [[farmer]] and [[mechanic]] whose ancestors, then bearing the name of Alcocke, had settled in eastern [[Massachusetts]] in colonial days. The son adopted the spelling "Alcott" in his early youth.

Self-educated and thrown early upon his own resources, he began in 1814 to earn his living by working in a clock factory in [[Plymouth, Connecticut]], and for many years after 1815 he peddled books and merchandise, chiefly in the southern states. He began teaching in [[Bristol, Connecticut]] in 1823, and subsequently conducted schools in [[Cheshire, Connecticut]], in 1825-[[1827]], again in Bristol in 1827-1828, in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] in 1828-[[1830]], in Germantown, now part of [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], in 1831-[[1833]], and in Philadelphia in 1833. As a young teacher he was most convinced by the [[educational philosophy]] of the [[Swiss (people)|Swiss]] [[pedagogue]] [[Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi]].

In the spring of 1830 he married [[Abby May|Abigail May]],<ref>McFarland, Philip. ''Hawthorne in Concord''. New York: Grove Press, 2004. p. 79. ISBN 0802117767</ref> the sister of [[Samuel J. May]], the reformer and [[abolition]]ist. Alcott himself was a [[William Lloyd Garrison|Garrisonian]] [[abolitionist]], and pioneered the strategy of [[tax resistance]] to [[slavery]] which [[Henry David Thoreau]] made famous in ''[[Civil Disobedience]]''. Alcott publicly debated with Thoreau the use of force and passive resistance to slavery; along with Thoreau he was among the financial and moral supporters of [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] and occasionally helped fugitive slaves escape on the [[Underground Railroad]].

===Educator===
In 1834 he opened the "Temple School" in Boston, so called because it was located in a Masonic Temple building. The school was briefly famous, and then infamous, because of his original methods. Alcott's plan was to develop self-instruction on the basis of self-analysis, with an emphasis on conversation and questioning rather than the lecture and drill which were prevalent in U.S. classrooms of the time. Alongside writing and reading, he gave lessons in "spiritual culture" which often involved the [[Gospel]]s. Reformers like Bronson Alcott advocate for ''object teaching'' in writing instruction. Before 1830, writing (except in higher education) equated to rote drills in the rules of grammar, spelling, vocabulary, penmanship, and transcription of adult texts. However, in the 1830s, progressive reformers like Bronson Alcott, influenced by [[Froebel]], [[Herbart]], and [[Pestalozzi]], began to advocate writing about objects from students’ personal experiences. Reformers debated against beginning instruction with rules and were in favor of helping students learn to write by writing.

Alcott sometimes refused [[corporal punishment]] as a means of disciplining his students; instead, he offered his own hand for an offending student to strike, saying that any failing was the teacher's responsibility. The shame and guilt this method induced, he believed, was far superior to the fear instilled by [[corporal punishment]]; when he used physical "correction" he required that the students be unanimously in support of its application, even including the student to be punished.

As assistants in the Temple School, Alcott had two of nineteenth-century America's most talented women writers, [[Elizabeth Palmer Peabody]] (who published ''A Record of Mr. Alcott's School'' in 1835) and more briefly [[Margaret Fuller]]; as students he had the children of the Boston intellectual classes, including Josiah Phillips Quincy|Josiah Quincy, grandson of the president of [[Harvard University]]. Alcott's methods were not well received; many readers found his conversations on the Gospels close to blasphemous, a few brief but frank discussions of birth and circumcision with the children were considered obscene, and many in the public found his ideas ridiculous. (For instance, the influential conservative [[Unitarian]] [[Andrews Norton]] derided the book as one-third blasphemy, one-third obscenity, and the rest nonsense.) The school was widely denounced in the press, with only a few scattered supporters, and Alcott was rejected by most public opinion. And Alcott was increasingly financially desperate as the controversy caused many parents to remove their students. Finally Alcott alienated many of the remaining parents by admitting an [[African American]] child to the school, whom he then refused to expel from his classes. In 1839 the school was closed, although Alcott had won the affection of many of his pupils. His pedagogy was a forerunner of [[progressive education|progressive]] and [[democratic school]]ing.

[[Image:The Wayside, Concord, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|right|300px|[[The Wayside]], home in turn to the Alcott family, [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], and [[Margaret Sidney]].]]
[[Image:Orchard House - Concord, MA.JPG|right|thumb|300px|[[Orchard House]] in Concord, Massachusetts.]]
In 1840 Alcott removed to [[Concord, Massachusetts]]. After a visit to [[England]], in 1842, he started with two English associates, [[Charles Lane (transcendentalist)|Charles Lane]] and Henry C. Wright, at "Fruitlands", in the town of [[Harvard, Massachusetts]], a [[utopian]] [[socialist]] experiment in farm living and nature meditation as tending to develop the best powers of body and soul. The experiment quickly collapsed, and Alcott returned in 1844 to his Concord home "Hillside" (later renamed "[[The Wayside]]" by [[Nathaniel Hawthorne|Hawthorne]]) near that of [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]. Alcott removed to Boston four years later, and again back to Concord after 1857, where he and his family lived in the [[Orchard House]] until 1877.

He spoke, as opportunity offered, before the "[[lyceum]]s" then common in various parts of the United States, or addressed groups of hearers as they invited him. These "conversations" as he called them, were more or less informal talks on a great range of topics, spiritual, aesthetic and practical, in which he emphasized the ideas of the school of American [[Transcendentalist]]s led by Emerson, who was always his supporter and discreet admirer. He often discussed Platonic philosophy, the illumination of the mind and soul by direct communion with Spirit; upon the spiritual and poetic monitions of external nature; and upon the benefit to man of a serene mood and a simple way of life.

===Later life===
In his last years, his daughter, the writer [[Louisa May Alcott]], provided for him. He was the nominal, and at times the actual, head of a summer "[[Concord School of Philosophy]] and Literature", which had its first session in 1879, and in which, in a building next to his house, he held conversations and invited others to give lectures during a part of several successive summers on many themes in philosophy, religion and letters.

Alcott's published books, all from late in his life, included ''Tablets'' (1868), ''Concord Days'' (1872), and ''Sonnets and Canzonets'' (1882). Earlier he had written a series of ''[[Orphism (religion)|Orphic]] Sayings'' which were published in ''The Dial'' as examples of Transcendentalist thought. The sayings, though called [[oracle|oracular]], were considered sloppy or vague by contemporary commentators as well as [[twentieth-century]] ones. He left a large collection of journals and memorabilia, most of which remain unpublished. He died in Boston on [[4 March]] [[1888]]. Just two days later, his daughter, Louisa May Alcott, died of aftereffects of mercury poisoning.

==Criticisms==
Alcott's philosophical teachings were, in his time as now, often thought to be inconsistent, hazy or abrupt. He formulated no system of [[philosophy]], and shows the influence of [[Plato]], German [[mysticism]], and [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] as filtered through [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge]]. Like Emerson, Alcott was always optimistic, idealistic, and individualistic in thinking. The teachings of Dr. [[William Ellery Channing]] a few years before had laid the groundwork for the work of most of the Concord Transcendentalists, also. Of the contributors to ''The Dial'', Alcott was by far the most widely mocked in the press, chiefly for the high-flown rhetoric of his "Orphic Sayings."

==References==
{{wikisource author|Amos Bronson Alcott}}
===Notes===
{{nofootnotes|date=October 2007}}
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
* Alcott, Amos Bronson. ''Conversations with Children on the Gospels''.
* [[Geraldine Brooks]]. "Orpheus at the Plough." ''[[The New Yorker]]'', [[January 10]], [[2005]], pp. 58-65. ([http://geraldinebrooks.com/march_alcott.shtml The New Yorker article ] is reproduced on author's website)
* Russell, D. R. (2006). Historical studies of composition. In P. Smagorinsky (Ed), Research on composition: Multiple perspectives on two decades of change (pp. 243-275). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

*{{1911}}



{{Persondata
|NAME = Alcott, Amos Bronson
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = teacher, writer
|DATE OF BIRTH = [[November 29]], [[1799]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Wolcott, Connecticut]]
|DATE OF DEATH = [[March 4]], [[1888]]
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alcott, Amos Bronson}}
[[Category:Alternative education]]
[[Category:American schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Transcendentalism]]
[[Category:American tax resisters]]
[[Category:1799 births]]
[[Category:1888 deaths]]
[[Category:Concord, Massachusetts]]

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