:''André Weil should not be confused with mathematician [[Andrew Wiles]], who like Weil, has done important work in [[elliptic curve]]s, and proved [[Fermat's last theorem]], or mathematician [[Hermann Weyl]], who helped Weil receive a [[Guggenheim fellowship]] in 1944 and made substantial contributions to [[theoretical physics]] and [[number theory]]''.

'''André Weil''' ([[May 6]], [[1906]] - [[August 6]], [[1998]]) ({{pronounced|ɑ̃dʁe vɛj}}<ref>Pronunciation: "Weil" is ''vay'', while "[[Weyl]]" is ''vial'', and "Wiles" is ''why-ulz''. However, in Russian the names Weil and Weyl are pronounced in the same way (as ''vail''). </small></ref>) was one of the greatest [[mathematician]]s of the 20th century, whether measured by his research work, its influence on future work, exposition or breadth. He is known for his foundational work in [[number theory]] and [[algebraic geometry]]. He was a founding member, and ''de facto'' the early leader, of the influential [[Bourbaki group]]. The [[philosopher]] [[Simone Weil]] was his sister.

==Life==

Born in [[Paris]] to [[Alsace|Alsatian]] [[Jew]]ish parents who fled the annexation of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] to [[Germany]], he studied in Paris, [[Rome]] and [[Göttingen]] and received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctorate]] in 1928. He spent two academic years at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] from 1930. [[Sanskrit literature]] was a life-long interest of his. He had a one-year position in [[Marseilles]], and then spent six years in [[Strasbourg]]. He married Eveline in 1937.

Weil was in [[Finland]] when [[World War II]] broke out; he had been travelling in Scandinavia since April 1939. Eveline returned to France, but he did not. A famous anecdote appears in his [[autobiography]]: after having been arrested under suspicion of [[espionage]] in Finland, when the USSR attacked on [[30 November]] [[1939]], he was saved from being shot only by the intervention of [[Rolf Nevanlinna]]. This is the version
that Nevanlinna propagated after the war. However, such a story is a bit too good to be true. In 1992, the Finnish mathematician [[Osmo Pekonen]] went to the archives to check the facts. Based on the documents, he established that Weil was not really going to be shot, even if he was under arrest, and that Nevanlinna probably didn't do - and didn't need to do - anything to save him. Pekonen published a paper<ref>Osmo Pekonen: ''L'affaire Weil à Helsinki en 1939'', Gazette des mathématiciens 52 (avril 1992), pp. 13—20. With an afterword by André Weil.</ref> on this with an afterword by André Weil himself. Nevanlinna's motivation for concocting such a story of himself as the rescuer of a famous Jewish mathematician probably was the fact that he had been a Nazi sympathizer during the war. The story also appears in Nevanlinna's autobiography, published in Finnish, but the dates don't match with real events at all. It is true, however, that Nevanlinna housed Weil in the summer of 1939 at his summer residence Korkee at [[Lohja]] in Finland - and offered [[Hitler]]'s [[Mein Kampf]] as bedside reading. Weil signed '[[Bourbaki]]' in Nevanlinna's guestbook.

Weil returned to France via Sweden and the United Kingdom, and was detained at [[Le Havre]] in January 1940. He was charged with failure to report for duty, and was imprisoned in Le Havre and then [[Rouen]]. It was there in the military prison in Bonne-Nouvelle, a district of Rouen, from February to May, that he did the work that made his reputation. He was sent to trial on [[May 3]] [[1940]]. Sentenced to five years, he asked to be sent to a military unit instead, and joined a regiment in [[Cherbourg-Octeville|Cherbourg]]. After the [[fall of France]], he met up with his family in Marseilles, where he arrived by sea. He then went to [[Clermont-Ferrand]], where he managed to join Eveline, who had been in the German-occupied region. In January 1941 they left by sea from Marseilles, and sailed to New York.

During the war, Weil went to the United States where he was supported by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and [[Guggenheim Foundation]]. He was at the [[Universidade de São Paulo]] for two years from 1945, where he spent much time with [[Oscar Zariski]]. He taught at the [[University of Chicago]] from 1947 to 1958 before settling at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]].

==Work==

He made substantial contributions in many areas, the most important being profound connections between [[algebraic geometry]] and [[number theory]]. This began in his doctoral work leading to the [[Mordell-Weil theorem]] (1928, and shortly applied in [[Siegel's theorem on integral points]]). [[Mordell's theorem]] had an ''ad hoc'' proof; Weil began the separation of the [[infinite descent]] argument into two types of structural approach, by means of [[height function]]s for sizing rational points, and by means of [[Galois cohomology]], which was not to be clearly named as that for two more decades. Both aspects have steadily developed into substantial theories.

Among his major accomplishments were the 1940 proof, while in prison, of the [[Riemann hypothesis]] for [[local zeta-function]]s, and his subsequent laying of proper foundations for algebraic geometry to support that result (from 1942 to 1946, most intensively). By modern standards his claim to have a proof had a very easy ride, but wartime conditions were one factor, and the fact that the German experts made little or no comment another. The so-called [[Weil conjectures]] were hugely influential from around 1950; they were later proved by [[Bernard Dwork]], [[Alexander Grothendieck]], [[Michael Artin]], and [[Pierre Deligne]], who completed the most difficult step in 1973.

He had introduced the [[adele ring]] in the late 1930s, following [[Claude Chevalley]]'s lead with the [[idele]]s, and given a proof of the [[Riemann-Roch theorem]] with them (a version appeared in his ''Basic Number Theory'' in 1967). His 'matrix divisor' ([[vector bundle]] ''avant le jour'') Riemann-Roch theorem from 1938 was a very early anticipation of later ideas such as moduli spaces of bundles. The [[Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers]] proved resistant for many years. Eventually the adelic approach became basic in [[automorphic representation]] theory. He picked up another credited ''Weil conjecture'', around 1970, which later under pressure from [[Serge Lang]] became known as the [[Taniyama-Shimura conjecture]] based on the presentation of the basic ideas at the 1955 Nikkō conference. His attitude towards conjectures struck many in the field as oblique; he wrote that one should not dignify a guess as a conjecture lightly, and in the Shimura-Taniyama case the evidence was only there after extensive computational work carried out from the late 1960s.

Other significant results were on [[Pontryagin duality]] and [[differential geometry]]. He introduced the concept of [[uniform space]] in [[general topology]]. His work on [[sheaf theory]] hardly appears in his published papers, but correspondence with [[Henri Cartan]] in the late 1940s, and reprinted in his collected papers, proved most influential.

He discovered that the so-called [[Weil representation]], previously introduced in [[quantum mechanics]] by [[Irving Segal]] and Shale, gave a contemporary framework for understanding the classical theory of [[quadratic form]]s. This was also a beginning of a substantial development by others, connecting [[representation theory]] and [[theta-function]]s.

==As expositor==

His books, unusually for mathematics, had an important influence on research. (In one major case possibly negative: [[Alexander Grothendieck]] is supposed to have complained of the 'aridity' of Weil's ''Foundations of Algebraic Geometry''.) There is a clear difference of style marking out the books from the research papers.

Through Bourbaki's writings and seminars, Weil's ideas can also be traced in the mainstream of post-war mathematics.

More trivially, he invented the notation "Ø" for the [[empty set]] (''q.v.'').

==Books==

*''Arithmétique et géométrie sur les variétés algébriques'' (1935)
*''Sur les espaces à structure uniforme et sur la topologie générale'' (1937)
*''L'intégration dans les groupes topologiques et ses applications'' (1940)
*''Foundations of Algebraic Geometry'' (1946)
*''Sur les courbes algébriques et les variétés qui s’en déduisent'' (1948)
*''Variétés abéliennes et courbes algébriques'' (1948)
*''Introduction à l'étude des variétés kählériennes'' (1958)
*''Discontinuous subgroups of classical groups'' (1958) Chicago lecture notes
*''Basic Number Theory'' (1967)
*''Dirichlet Series and Automorphic Forms, Lezioni Fermiane'' (1971) Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 189,
*''Essais historiques sur la théorie des nombres'' (1975)
*''Elliptic Functions According to Eisenstein and Kronecker'' (1976)
*''Œuvres Scientifiques, Collected Works, three volumes'' (1979)
*''Number Theory for Beginners'' (1979) with Maxwell Rosenlicht
*''Adeles and Algebraic Groups'' (1982)
*''Number Theory: An Approach Through History From Hammurapi to Legendre'' (1984)
*''Souvenirs d’Apprentissage'' (1991) as The Apprenticeship of a Mathematician (1992)

==Quotations==
{{wikiquote|André Weil}}

* "God exists since mathematics is consistent, and the Devil exists since we cannot prove it."
* "Weil's Law of Faculties: First rate people hire other first rate people. Second rate people hire third rate people. Third rate people hire fifth rate people."

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
*[[Weil cohomology]]
*[[Weil conjecture]] disambiguation page
*[[Weil conjectures]]
*[[Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers]]
*[[Weil distribution]]
*[[Weil divisor]]
*[[Siegel-Weil formula]]
*[[Weil group]], [[Weil-Deligne group scheme]]
*[[Weil-Châtelet group]]
*[[Chern-Weil homomorphism]]
*[[Chern-Weil theory]]
*[[Hasse-Weil L-function]]
*[[Weil pairing]]
*[[Weil reciprocity law]]
*[[Weil representation]]
*[[Borel-Weil theorem]]
*[[De Rham-Weil theorem]]
*[[Mordell-Weil theorem]].
</div>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Apprenticeship of a Mathematician'' (autobiography), ISBN 0817626506, English translation of ''Souvenirs d'apprentissage (Vita mathematica)'', ISBN 3764325003.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{MathGenealogy |id=6385}}
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Weil}}
* [http://www.ams.org/notices/199904/mem-weil.pdf André Weil] – memorial article in the [[Notices of the American Mathematical Society|Notices of AMS]] by [[Armand Borel]], [[Pierre Cartier (mathematician)|Pierre Cartier]], [[Komaravolu Chandrasekharan]], [[Shiing-Shen Chern]], and Shokichi Iyanaga
* [http://www.ams.org/images/weil-photo.gif Image of Weil]
* [http://www.ams.org/notices/200503/fea-weil.pdf A 1940 Letter of André Weil on Analogy in Mathematics]

{{Wolf Prize in Mathematics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Weil, Andre}}

[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:20th century mathematicians]]
[[Category:French mathematicians]]
[[Category:French Jews]]
[[Category:Institute for Advanced Study faculty]]
[[Category:Number theorists]]
[[Category:Alumni of the École Normale Supérieure]]
[[Category:Bourbaki]]
[[Category:University of São Paulo]]
[[Category:Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureates]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]

[[bg:Андре Вейл]]
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[[ko:앙드레 베유]]
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[[he:אנדרה וייל]]
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[[ja:アンドレ・ヴェイユ]]
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[[ru:Вейль, Андре]]
[[zh:安德烈·韦伊]]