Andrey_Markov

:''This article is about the mathematician. For the [[ice hockey|hockey]] player, see [[Andrei Markov (hockey player)]].''
{{Infobox_Scientist
|name = Andrey Markov
|image = AAMarkov.jpg|300px
|image_width = 300px
|caption = Andrey Andreyevich Markov
|birth_date = {{birth date|1856|6|14|mf=y}} [[New Style|N.S.]]
|birth_place = [[Ryazan]], [[Russia]]
|residence = {{flag|Russia}}
|nationality = {{flag|Russia}}n
|death_date = {{death date and age|1922|7|20|1856|6|14|mf=y}}
|death_place = [[Petrograd]], [[Russia]]
|field = [[Mathematician]]
|work_institutions = [[St Petersburg University]]
|alma_mater = [[St Petersburg University]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]]
|doctoral_students =
[[Abram Besicovitch]] </br>
[[Georgy Voronoy]]

|known_for = [[Markov chain]]s
|prizes =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Andrey (Andrei) Andreyevich Markov''' ({{lang-ru|Андрей Андреевич Марков}}) ([[June 14]], [[1856]] [[New Style|N.S.]] – [[July 20]], [[1922]]) was a [[Russia]]n [[mathematician]]. He is best known for his work on theory of [[stochastic process]]es. His research later became known as [[Markov chain]]s.

His son, another Andrey Andreevich Markov (1903-1979), was also a notable mathematician, making contributions on [[constructive mathematics]] and [[recursive function]] theory.

== Biography ==
Andrey Andreevich Markov was born in [[Ryazan]] as the son of the secretary of the public forest management of Ryazan, Andrey Grigorevich Markov, and his first wife, Nadezhda Petrovna Markova.

In the beginning of the 1860s Andrey Grigorevich moved to St Petersburg to become an asset manager of the princess Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Valvatyeva.

In 1866 Andrey Andreevich’s school life began with his entrance into Saint Petersburg’s fifth grammar school. Already during his school time Andrey was intensely engaged in higher mathematics. As a 17 year-old grammar school student he informed [[Viktor Bunyakovsky|Bunyakovsky]], [[Aleksandr Korkin|Korkin]] and [[Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev|Yegor Zolotarev]] about an apparently new method to solve linear ordinary differential equations and was invited to the so-called Korkin Saturdays, where Korkin's students regularly met. In 1874 he finished the school and began his studies at the physico-mathematical faculty of [[Saint Petersburg State University|St Petersburg University]].

Among his teachers were [[Yulian Vasilievich Sokhotski|Yulian Sokhotski]] (differential calculus, higher algebra), [[Konstantin Posse]] (analytic geometry), Yegor Zolotarev (integral calculus), [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]] (number theory, probability theory), [[Aleksandr Korkin]] (ordinary and partial differential equations), [[Okatov]] (mechanism theory), [[Somov]] (mechanics) and [[Budaev]] (descriptive and higher geometry).

In 1877 he was awarded the gold medal for his outstanding solution of the problem “About Integration of Differential Equations by Continuous Fractions with an Application to the Equation <math> (1+x^2) \frac{dy}{dx} = n (1+y^2)</math>“. In the following year he passed the candidate examinations and remained at the university to prepare for the lecturer’s position.

In April 1880 Andrey Markov defended his master thesis “About Binary Quadratic Forms with Positive Determinant“, which was encouraged by Aleksandr Korkin and Yegor Zolotarev.

Five years later, in January 1885, there followed his doctoral thesis “About Some Applications of Algebraic Continuous Fractions“.

His pedagogical work began after the defense of his master thesis in autumn 1880. As a [[privatdozent]] he lectured on differential and integral calculus. Later he lectured alternately on “introduction to analysis“, probability theory (succeeding Chebyshev who had left the university in 1882) and calculus of differences. From 1895/96 until 1905 he additionally lectured on differential calculus.

One year after the defense of the doctoral thesis, he was appointed extraordinary professor (1886) and in the same year he was elected adjunct to the Academy of Sciences. In 1890, after the death of Viktor Bunyakovsky, Markov became extraordinary member of the academy. His promotion to an ordinary professor of St Petersburg University followed in autumn 1894.

In 1896, he was elected ordinary member of the academy as the successor of [[Chebyshev]]. In 1905 he was appointed merited professor and got the right to retire which he immediately used. Till 1910, however, he continued to lecture calculus of differences.

In connection with student riots in 1908, professors and lecturers of Saint Petersburg University were ordered to observe their students. Markov initially refused to accept this decree and wrote an explanation in which he declined to be an “agent of the governance”. Markov was rejected from a further teaching activity at the Saint Petersburg University, and he eventually decided to retire from the university.

In 1913 the council of Saint Petersburg elected nine scientists honorary members of the university.
Markov was among them, but his election was not affirmed by the minister of education. The affirmation was done only four years later, after the February revolution in 1917. Markov then resumed his teaching activities and lectured probability theory and calculus of differences until his death in 1922.

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[Markov chain]]
* [[Markov chain Monte Carlo]]
* [[Gauss-Markov theorem]]
* [[Gauss–Markov process]]
* [[Hidden Markov model]]
* [[Markov number]]
* [[Markov property]]
* [[Markov's inequality]]
* [[Markov brothers' inequality]]
* [[Markov process]]
* [[Markov blanket]]
* [[Markov network]]
* [[Markov decision process]]
* [[Chebyshev-Markov-Stieltjes inequalities]]
* [[Markov algorithm]]
</div>

== References ==
* А. А. Марков. "Распространение закона больших чисел на величины, зависящие друг от друга". "Известия Физико-математического общества при Казанском университете", 2-я серия, том 15, ст. 135-156, 1906.
* A.A. Markov. "Extension of the limit theorems of probability theory to a sum of variables connected in a chain". reprinted in Appendix B of: R. Howard. ''Dynamic Probabilistic Systems, volume 1: Markov Chains''. John Wiley and Sons, 1971.

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Andrey Markov}}
*{{MathGenealogy |id=12543}}
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Markov}}
* [http://decision.csl.uiuc.edu/~meyn/pages/Markov-Work-and-life.pdf Biography of A.A. Markov]
* [http://www.apmath.spbu.ru/ru/misc/markov.html Biography of A.A. Markov by his son, A.A. Markov-jnr] {{ru icon}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Markov, Andrey
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Crab Loshara
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Mathematician]]
|DATE OF BIRTH= {{birth date|1856|6|14|mf=y}} [[New Style|N.S.]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Ryazan]], [[Russia]]
|DATE OF DEATH= {{death date|1922|7|20|mf=y}}
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Petrograd]], [[Russia]]
}}
[[Category:1856 births|Markov, Andrei Andreevich]]
[[Category:1922 deaths|Markov, Andrei Andreevich]]
[[Category:19th century mathematicians|Markov, Andrey]]
[[Category:20th century mathematicians|Markov, Andrey]]
[[Category:Russian mathematicians|Markov, Andrey]]
[[Category:Probability theorists|Markov, Andrey]]
[[Category:Alumni of St. Petersburg State University|Markov, Andrey]]
[[Category:Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Markov, Andrey]]

[[cs:Andrej Markov]]
[[de:Andrei Andrejewitsch Markow]]
[[es:Andrei Markov]]
[[fr:Andrei Markov (mathématicien)]]
[[ko:안드레이 마르코프]]
[[id:Andrei Markov]]
[[it:Andrej Andreevič Markov (padre)]]
[[mk:Андреј Марков]]
[[mr:आंद्रे मार्कोव्ह]]
[[nl:Andrej Markov Sr.]]
[[ja:アンドレイ・マルコフ]]
[[pl:Andriej Markow (starszy)]]
[[pt:Andrei Andreyevich Markov]]
[[ro:Andrei Markov]]
[[ru:Марков, Андрей Андреевич (старший)]]
[[sk:Andrej Andrejevič Markov]]
[[sl:Andrej Andrejevič Markov (starejši)]]
[[sr:Андреј Марков]]
[[fi:Andrei Markov]]
[[uk:Марков Андрій Андрійович]]
[[zh:安德雷·马尔可夫]]