{{Mergefrom|Modern antipope|date=November 2007}}
{{For|the book by Robert Rankin|The Antipope}}
[[Image:Antipope Felix V.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|[[Antipope Felix V]], the last historically significant Antipope.]] An '''antipope''' is a person who makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful [[Pope]], in opposition to the Pope recognized by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Antipopes are typically those supported by a fairly significant faction of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]]. Persons who claim to be the Pope but have few followers, such as the modern [[Sedevacantist antipope]]s, are not generally counted as antipopes, and therefore are ignored for [[regnal number]]ing. In several cases it is hard to tell who was, in fact, the lawful Pope and who was the antipope.
In its list of the Popes, the [[Holy See]]'s annual directory, ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'', attaches to the name of [[Pope Leo VIII]] (963-965) the following note: "At this point, as again in the mid-eleventh century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonizing historical criteria and those of [[theology]] and [[canon law]] make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the Successors of Saint Peter. The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon the assignation of successive numbers in the list of the Popes." In all cases it is clear that whichever was the Pope, the other was an antipope, since the claim of each was widely accepted.
==History==
[[Hippolytus (writer)|Hippolytus]] (d. 235) is commonly recognized as the earliest antipope, as he protested against [[Pope Callixtus I]] and headed a separate group within the Roman Church. Hippolytus was later reconciled to Callixtus's second successor [[Pope Pontian]], when both were condemned to the mines on the island of [[Sardinia]]. He has been [[canonization|canonized]] by the Church. Whether two or more persons have been confused in this account of Hippolytus,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/jubilee_2000/magazine/documents/ju_mag_01091997_p-70_en.html|title= The catacombs the destination of the great jubilee|publisher=[[Vatican City]]|accessdate=2007-09-03}}</ref> and whether Hippolytus actually declared himself to be the Bishop of [[Rome]], remains unclear, especially since no such claim is found in the writings attributed to him.
The [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] also mentions a Natalius,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10448a.htm|title=Monarchians - Dynamists, or Adoptionists|publisher=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]|accessdate=2007-09-03}}</ref> before Hippolytus, as first antipope, who, according to Eusebius's EH5.28.8-12, quoting the ''Little Labyrinth'' of Hippolytus, after being "[[scourge]]d all night by the holy angels", covered in ash, dressed in [[sackcloth]], and "after some difficulty", tearfully submitted to [[Pope Zephyrinus]]. As proof of the angels' actual intervention, Natalius displayed the wounds they had left on his back.
[[Antipope Novatian|Novatian]] (d. 258), another third-century figure, certainly claimed the See of Rome in opposition to [[Pope Cornelius]], and is thus reckoned as the first unequivocal antipope.
The period when antipopes were most numerous was during the struggles between the Popes and the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s of the [[11th century|11th]] and [[12th century|12th centuries]]. The emperors frequently imposed their own nominees, in order to further their cause. (The popes, likewise, sometimes sponsored rival imperial claimants in [[Germany]] in order to overcome a particular emperor.)
The Great [[Western Schism]], which, on the grounds of the allegedly invalid election of [[Pope Urban VI]], began in 1378 with the election of [[Antipope Clement VII|Clement VII]], who took up residence in [[Avignon]], [[France]], led to two, and eventually three, rival lines of claimants to papacy: the Roman line, the Avignon line, and the Pisan line. The last-mentioned line was named after the town of [[Pisa]], [[Italy]], where the council that elected [[Pope Alexander V|Alexander V]] as a third claimant was held. To end the schism, the [[Council of Constance]] deposed, in May 1415, [[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]] of the Pisan line, whose claim to legitimacy was based on a council's choice. [[Pope Gregory XII]] of the Roman line resigned in July 1415. The Council formally deposed [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]] of the [[Avignon Papacy|Avignon line]], who refused to resign, in July [[1417]]. Afterwards, [[Pope Martin V]] was elected and was accepted everywhere, except in the small and rapidly diminishing area that remained faithful to [[Avignon Pope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]]. The scandal of the Great Schism created anti-papal sentiment and fed into the [[Protestant Reformation]] at the turn of the [[16th century]].
== List of historical antipopes ==
{|class="wikitable"
!Antipope
!Original name
!Dates
!Notes
!In opposition to:
|-
|Natalius || || around 200 || later reconciled (see above) || [[Pope Zephyrinus]]
|-
|rowspan="3"| St. [[Hippolytus (writer)|Hippolytus]] ||rowspan="3"| ||rowspan="3"| 217–235 ||rowspan="3"| later reconciled with [[Pope Pontian]] (see above) || [[Pope Callixtus I]]
|-
|[[Pope Urban I]]
|-
|[[Pope Pontian]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Antipope Novatian|Novatian]] ||rowspan="4"| ||rowspan="4"| 251–258 ||rowspan="4"| founder of [[Novatianism]] || [[Pope Cornelius]]
|-
|[[Pope Lucius I]]
|-
|[[Pope Stephen I]]
|-
|[[Pope Sixtus II]]
|-
|[[Antipope Felix II|Felix II]] || || 355–365 || installed by [[Roman Emperor]] [[Constantius II]] || [[Pope Liberius]]
|-
|[[Antipope Ursicinus|Ursicinus]] || Ursinus || 366–367 || || [[Pope Damasus]]
|-
|[[Antipope Eulalius|Eulalius]] || || 418–419 || || [[Pope Boniface I]]
|-
|[[Antipope Laurentius|Laurentius]] || || 498–499<br/> 501–506 || supported by [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine emperor]] [[Anastasius I (emperor)|Anastasius I]] || [[Pope Symmachus]]
|-
|[[Antipope Dioscorus|Dioscorus]] || || 530 || || [[Pope Boniface II]]
|-
|[[Antipope Theodore|Theodore (II)]] || || 687 || || [[Pope Sergius I]]
|-
|[[Antipope Paschal|Paschal (I)]] || || 687 || || [[Pope Sergius I]]
|-
|[[Antipope Constantine II|Constantine II]] || || 767–768 || ||rowspan="2"| [[Pope Stephen III]]
|-
|[[Antipope Philip|Philip]] || || 768 || installed by envoy of [[Lombards|Lombard King]] [[Desiderius]]
|-
|[[Antipope John VIII|John VIII]] || || 844 || elected by [[acclamation]] || [[Pope Sergius II]]
|-
|[[Antipope Anastasius|Anastasius III Bibliothecarius]] || || 855 || || [[Pope Benedict III]]
|-
|[[Antipope Christopher|Christopher]] || || 903–904 || ||between [[Pope Leo V]] and [[Pope Sergius III]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Antipope Boniface VII|Boniface VII]] ||rowspan="2"| || 974 ||rowspan="2"| || between [[Pope Benedict VI]] and [[Pope Benedict VII]]
|-
|984–985 || between [[Pope John XIV]] and [[Pope John XV]]
|-
|[[Antipope John XVI|John XVI]] || John Filagatto || 997–998 || supported by [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine emperor]] [[Basil II]] || [[Pope Gregory V]]
|-
|[[Antipope Gregory VI|Gregory VI]] || || 1012 || || [[Pope Benedict VIII]]
|-
|[[Antipope Benedict X|Benedict X]] || John Mincius || 1058–1059 || supported by the [[Counts of Tusculum]] || [[Pope Nicholas II]]
|-
|[[Antipope Honorius II|Honorius II]] || Pietro Cadalus || 1061–1064 || supported by [[Agnes de Poitou|Agnes]], regent of the Holy Roman Empire || [[Pope Alexander II]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Antipope Clement III|Clement III]] ||rowspan="4"| Guibert of Ravenna ||rowspan="4"| 1080, 1084–1100 ||rowspan="4"|supported by [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] || [[Pope Gregory VII]]
|-
|[[Pope Victor III]]
|-
|[[Pope Urban II]]
|-
|[[Pope Paschal II]]
|-
|[[Antipope Theodoric|Theodoric]] || || 1100–1101 || successor to [[Antipope Clement III|Clement III]] || rowspan="3"|[[Pope Paschal II]]
|-
|[[Antipope Adalbert|Adalbert or Albert]] || || 1101 || successor to [[Antipope Theodoric|Theodoric]]
|-
|[[Antipope Sylvester IV|Sylvester IV]] || Maginulf || 1105–1111 || rowspan="3"| supported by [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Antipope Gregory VIII|Gregory VIII]] ||rowspan="2"| Maurice Burdanus ||rowspan="2"| 1118–1121 || [[Pope Gelasius II]]
|-
| [[Pope Callixtus II]]
|-
|[[Antipope Celestine II|Celestine II]] || Thebaldus Buccapecus || 1124 || || [[Pope Honorius II]]
|-
|[[Antipope Anacletus II|Anacletus II]] || Pietro Pierleoni || 1130–1138 || || rowspan="2"| [[Pope Innocent II]]
|-
|[[Antipope Victor IV (1138)|Victor IV]] || Gregorio Conti || 1138 || successor to [[Antipope Anacletus II|Anacletus II]]
|-
|[[Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)|Victor IV]] || Ottavio di Montecelio || 1159–1164 || rowspan="3"|supported by [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]] || rowspan="4"|[[Pope Alexander III]]
|-
|[[Antipope Paschal III|Paschal III]] || Guido di Crema || 1164–1168
|-
|[[Antipope Callixtus III|Callixtus III]] || Giovanni of Struma || 1168–1178
|-
|[[Antipope Innocent III|Innocent III]] || Lanzo of Sezza || 1179–1180 ||
|-
|[[Antipope Nicholas V|Nicholas V]] || Pietro Rainalducci || 1328–1330 ||supported by [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] || [[Pope John XXII]]
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Antipope Clement VII|Clement VII]] ||rowspan="2" | Robert of Geneva ||rowspan="2" | 1378–1394 ||rowspan="2" | ''[[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]]'' || [[Pope Urban VI]]
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Pope Boniface IX]]
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]] ||rowspan="4" | Pedro de Luna ||rowspan="4" | 1394–1423 ||rowspan="4" | ''[[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]]''
|-
|[[Pope Innocent VII]]
|-
|[[Pope Gregory XII]]
|-
|[[Pope Martin V]]
|-
|[[Pope Alexander V|Alexander V]] || Pietro Philarghi || 1409–1410 || ''[[Council of Pisa|Pisa]]'' || rowspan="2"|[[Pope Gregory XII]]
|-
|[[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]] || Baldassare Cossa || 1410–1415 || ''[[Council of Pisa|Pisa]]''
|-
|[[Antipope Clement VIII|Clement VIII]] || Gil Sánchez Muñoz || 1423–1429 || ''[[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]]'' || rowspan="3"| [[Pope Martin V]]
|-
|[[Antipope Benedict XIV|Benedict XIV]] || Bernard Garnier || 1424–1429 || ''[[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]]''
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Antipope Benedict XIV|Benedict XIV]] || rowspan="2" |Jean Carrier || rowspan="2" |1430–1437 || rowspan="2" |''[[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Pope Eugene IV]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Antipope Felix V|Felix V]] ||rowspan="2" | Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy ||rowspan="2" | [[5 November]] [[1439]] –<br/> [[7 April]] [[1449]] ||rowspan="2" | elected by the [[Council of Florence|Council of Basel]]
|-
| [[Pope Nicholas V]]
|}
The list of Popes and Antipopes in the [[Annuario Pontificio]] does not include Natalius (perhaps because of the uncertainty of the evidence) nor [[Antipope Clement VIII]]. It may be that the following of the latter was considered insufficiently significant, like that of "Benedict XIV", who is mentioned along with him in the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' article on [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09725a.htm Pope Martin V].
As for [[Pope Sylvester III|Sylvester III]], sometimes listed as an Antipope, the Holy See's Annuario Pontificio classifies him as a Pope, not an Antipope. In line with its above-quoted remark on the obscurities about the canon law of the time and the historical facts, especially in the mid-eleventh century (see the second paragraph of this article), it makes no judgement on the legitimacy of his takeover of the position of Pope in 1045. The ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' places him in its [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm ''List of Popes''], though with the annotation: "Considered by some to be an antipope".
==List of current claimants==
Whilst all modern claimants to the Papacy in opposition to [[Pope Benedict XVI]] are technically antipopes, none of them have received wide enough recognition as defined earlier in this article to be considered true antipopes.
Therefore the antipopes listed in this article have a very limited following, ranging from several hundreds of adherents, to about ten.
===Colinites===
In 1950, Frenchman [[Jean Colin]] claimed to receive revelations and to continue and to fulfil the 1873 message of [[Mélanie Calvat]], the seer of [[La Salette]]. Subsequently, [[Pope Pius XII]] publicly declared him by name a [[vitandus]] [[excommunication|excommunicate]], one who should be avoided.
Colin claimed to have been made Pope, even while Pope Pius XII was alive as pope ''Clement XV'', and in [[1963]] founded the ultra-liberal, ultra-modernist ''The Renewed Church of Christ'' or ''Church of the Magnificat'', based first in [[Lyons]], then at [[St. Jovite]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]. The Colinites have since disintegrated into several factions, with one successor pope in France.
Another, larger, faction is led by [[Jean-Gaston Tremblay]], one of Colin's disciples, who declared himself constituted pope by apparition even before Colin had died and who calls himself pope ''John-Gregory XVII''. He is now based in St. Jovite, as head of the ''Order of the Magnificat'' and [[The Apostles of the Last Days|The Apostles of the Latter Days]]. The [[1846]] secret of Mélanie Calvet, which called for the constitution of these Apostles of the Latter Days is central to his claims and mission.
===Palmarian Catholic Church===
* [[Clemente Domínguez y Gómez]] (Gregory XVII), mystically self-proclaimed (1978–2005) in [[Spain]]
* [[Manuel Corral|Manuel Alonso Corral]] ([[Antipope Peter II|Peter II]]), succeeded Gregory XVII in 2005
The [[Palmarian Catholic Church]] regards as true popes those until [[1978]], including [[Pope Paul VI]], who is revered by them as a martyr pope. Palmarians do not claim the see of Rome, but hold that the Pope of Rome is excommunicated and that the position of the [[Holy See]] has been transferred to the see of [[El Palmar de Troya]], on the grounds of claimed Marian apparitions.
===Other movements===
These antipopes are for the most part not self-proclaimed in the strictest sense. They organized elections by alleged faithful Catholics, none of whom was a recognized [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]. The verifiable smallest of these [[Papal conclave|conclave]]s was attended by only six electors, the largest is claimed to have comprised more than sixty-one electors. Examples are:
* [[Gino Frediani]] (Emmanuel I) (1973-1974–1984) in [[Italy]], pope of the [[New Church of the Holy Heart of Jesus]]
* [[Chester Olszewski]] (Peter II) (since 1980), self-proclaimed in [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]]
* [[Reinaldus Michael Benjamins]] (Gregory XIX), (since 1983), self-proclaimed in [[New York]], [[United States of America]]
* [[Aimé Baudet]] (Peter II) (since 1984), self-proclaimed in [[Belgium]]
* [[Pierre Henri Bubois]] (Peter II) (since 1985), self-proclaimed in [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]
* [[David Bawden]] (Michael I), (since [[1990]]) elected in [[Kansas]], [[United States|United States of America]]
* [[Valeriano Vestini]] (Valerian I) (since 1990) in [[Province of Chieti|Chieti]], [[Italy]]
* [[Victor von Pentz]] (Linus II) (since 1994), either self-proclaimed in [[Hertfordshire]], [[United Kingdom]] or elected by several sedevacantists in [[Assisi]], [[Italy]] (disputed).
* [[Maurice Archieri]] (Peter II) (since 1995), self-proclaimed in [[Le Perreux]], [[France]] as Vicar of Christ for the Last Days
* [[Lucian Pulvermacher]] (Pius XIII) (since 1998), elected in [[Montana]], [[United States|United States of America]], pope of the [[True Catholic Church]].
* [[Julius Tischler]] (Peter II) (since 1998), self-proclaimed in [[Germany]]
* [[Oscar de la Compasion]] (Leo XIV) (since 2006), self-proclaimed in [[Luján]], [[Argentina]]
* [[William Kamm]] (future pope Peter II), of the Order of Saint Charbel-movement of [[Australia]]
* [[Elijah Clark]] (Thelonius II), the order of B & P-movement of [[Seattle]], [[United States]]
* Raphael Titus Otieno (since 2004), third of the [[Legio Maria]] popes (since 1962) of western [[Kenya]]
==Antipopes in fiction==
Antipopes have appeared as fictional characters. These may be either in [[historical fiction]], as fictional portraits of well-known historical antipopes or in the guise of imaginary antipopes.
* [[Jean Raspail]]'s novels of — ''L'Anneau du pêcheur'' (The Fisherman's Ring) — and [[Gérard Bavoux]] — ''Le Porteur de lumière'' (The Light-bringer) feature two antipopes.<ref>Jean Raspail, ''L'Anneau du pêcheur'', Paris : Albin Michel, 1994. 403 p. ISBN 2-226-07590-9</ref><ref>Gérard Bavoux, ''Le Porteur de lumière'', Paris : Pygmalion, 1996. 329 p. ISBN 2-85704-488-7</ref> From two rather different perspectives these recount the fictional history of a parallel hierarchy, by which in secret French [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]] nominated the true [[Pope]]. As it is told, the antipope Benedict XV', Pierre Tifane, was recognised as pope in Avignon from 1437 to 1470. His successor, the antipope Benedict XVI (not to be confused with the validly-elected 21st century [[Pope Benedict XVI]]), Jean Langlade, reigned there from 1470 to 1499. These books build on claims that Jean Carrier, the second [[antipope Benedict XIV]], nominated cardinals who were to continue this antipapal line, in the [[Great Schism]].
* [[Robert Rankin]]'s first part of his [[comic fantasy]] [[The Brentford Trilogy]] is called ''The Antipope'', and features the resurrected [[Pope Alexander VI]], the last [[Borgia]] pope.
* [[Walter M. Miller]]'s [[A Canticle for Leibowitz]] makes repeated reference to an Antipope Vissarion, leader of the Vissarionist Schism of ca. 3000 AD. Several popes in the sequel, the post-apocalyptical novel [[Saint Leibowitz and the Wild Horse Woman]] are called antipopes during or after their papacies.
* The fictional synth-pop artist [[Zladko Vladcik]] claims to be ''The Anti-Pope'' in one of his songs.{{Verify source|date=December 2007}}
* [[Dan Simmons]]'s novels ''[[Endymion (Hyperion Cantos)|Endymion]]'' and ''[[Rise of Endymion]]'' feature a Father Paul Duré who is the routinely murdered antipope Teilhard I.
* [[S.M. Stirling]]'s ''Dies the Fire'' and its sequels feature an antipope named Leo, who is set up by one of the surviving communities of Western Oregon after the "the Change." After communications with Europe are reestablished, and the death of this antipope and his secular sponsor, his followers are reconciled with the Church.
Ralph MacInerney's novel THE RED HAT features a schism between liberals and conservatives following the election of a conservative African Pope; the liberal faction, taking as pretext the exclusion from a previous conclave of a number of cardinals who had been named but not formally appointed before the Pope's death, elect an Italian cardinal who calls himself "Pius XIII". (It is not explained why a liberal claiming to represent the true spirit of Vatican II takes a title associated with papal conservatism, rather than (say) "John XXIV").
==Notes==
<references />
==References==
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01582a.htm Antipope in the Catholic Encyclopaedia]
* [http://media.isnet.org/kristen/Ensiklopedia/AntiPope.html Antipope in The Pope Encyclopaedia]
* Kelly, J.N.D, The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, Oxford University Press, USA (June 1, 1986), ISBN 0-19-213964-9
* Raspail, Jean, L'Anneau du pêcheur, Paris : Albin Michel, 1994. 403 p. ISBN 2-226-07590-9
* Bavoux, Gérard, Le Porteur de lumière, Paris : Pygmalion, 1996. 329 p. ISBN 2-85704-488-7
==See also==
* [[Pope Peter II]]
* [[Modern antipope]]
{{Antipopes}}
[[Category:Antipopes| ]]
[[Category:Ecclesiastical titles]]
[[Category:History of the Papacy]]
[[Category:Schisms in Christianity]]
[[Category:Lists of Roman Catholic popes]]
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