Apostolic_Succession

In [[Christianity]], the doctrine of '''Apostolic Succession''' (or the belief that the Church is 'apostolic') maintains that the Christian Church today is the spiritual successor to the original body of believers in [[Jesus Christ|Christ]], composed of the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostle]]s. Virtually all [[Christian denomination]]s consider Apostolic Succession important in some fashion, although their definitions of the concept may vary.

In pre-[[Protestant Reformation]] Churches ([[Assyrian Church of the East]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Roman Catholic Church]]), Apostolic Succession is claimed as having been passed through unbroken lines of bishops beginning with the original Apostles. The Catholic Church has traditionally been the most vocal in claiming [[papal primacy|unique legitimacy]] in terms of Apostolic Succession based on the assertion that [[Saint Peter]], believed to be the rightful leader of the Church, was the first [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]. Other communions such as [[Anglicanism]] and [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] claim legitimacy on a similar basis.

== Apostolicity as doctrinal continuity ==
{{rquote|right|Let them produce the original records of their churches; let them unfold the roll of their bishops, running down in due succession from the beginning in such a manner that [that first bishop of theirs] bishop shall be able to show for his ordainer and predecessor some one of the apostles or of apostolic men<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm The Prescription against Heretics: Chapter 32]</ref>|[[Tertullian]]}}

While many churches within the [[historical episcopate]] argue that [[Holy Orders]] are valid only through apostolic succession, most [[Protestant|Protestant Churches]] would deny that the apostolicity of the Church rests on an unbroken episcopacy. They generally hold that one important qualification of the apostles was that they were chosen directly by [[Jesus]] and that they witnessed the resurrected Christ. According to this understanding, the work of these twelve (and the Apostle [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]]), together with the prophets of the twelve tribes of Israel, provide the doctrinal foundation for the whole church of subsequent history through the Scriptures of the Bible. To share with the apostles the same faith, to believe their word as found in the Scriptures, to receive the same Holy Spirit, is the only sense in which apostolic succession is meaningful, because it is in this sense only that men have fellowship with God in the truth (an extension of the [[Reformation]] doctrines of ''[[sola fide]]'' and ''[[sola scriptura]]''). The most meaningful ''apostolic succession'' for most Protestants, then, is the faithful succession of apostolic '''teaching'''. There is, of course, much disagreement among various Protestant churches about the exact content of apostolic teaching. In addition, Protestants state that the teaching of Apostolic Succession did not arise until 170-200 A.D. <ref>http://mb-soft.com/believe/txo/apossucc.htm</ref>

It is worth noting, however, that some Protestant [[Charismatic movement|charismatic]] and [[restorationist]] churches include "apostles" among the offices that should be evident into modern times in a true church, though they never trace an historical line of succession. It is frequently the case that the founders or senior leaders of a [[restorationist]] church grouping will be referred to as the apostles. [[Church planting]] is seen as a key role of these present-day apostles.

Those who hold to the importance of episcopal apostolic succession would counter the above by appealing to the [[New Testament]], which, they say, implies a personal apostolic succession (from [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] to [[Timothy]] and [[Apostle Titus|Titus]], for example) and which states that Jesus gave the Apostles a "blank check" to lead the Church as they saw fit under the guidance of the [[Holy Spirit]].<ref>[[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 18:18 and [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] Chapter 15, for example</ref> They appeal as well to other documents of the very early Church, especially the Epistle of St. Clement to the Church at Corinth, written around [[96 AD]] In it, [[Pope Clement I|Clement]] defends the authority and prerogatives of a group of "[[elder (religious)|elder]]s" or "[[bishop]]s" in the Corinthian Church which had, apparently, been deposed and replaced by the congregation on its own initiative. In this context, Clement explicitly states that the apostles both appointed bishops as successors and had directed that these bishops should in turn appoint their own successors; given this, such leaders of the Church were not to be removed without cause and not in this way. Further, proponents of the necessity of the personal apostolic succession of bishops within the Church point to the universal practice of the undivided early Church (up to [[431 AD]]), from which, as organizations, the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox (at that point in time one Church until 1054, see [[Great Schism]]), as well Oriental Orthodox and the Assyrian Churches have all directly descended.

At the same time, no defender of the personal apostolic succession of bishops would deny the importance of doctrinal continuity in the Church.

==The traditional doctrine==
{{rquote|right|Wherefore we must obey the priests of the Church who have succession from the Apostles, as we have shown, who, together with succession in the episcopate, have received the certain mark of truth according to the will of the Father; all others, however, are to be suspected, who separated themselves from the principal succession.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103426.htm Adversus Haereses (Book IV, Chapter 26)]</ref>|[[Irenaeus]]}}

As a traditional ecclesiastical doctrine, Apostolic Succession provides an historical basis for the spiritual authority of the [[bishop]]s of the Church (the ''episcopate''). Apostolic Succession is usually described as the official authority that has been passed down through unbroken lines of successive bishops beginning with the original Apostles selected by Jesus, or on a similar basis.

This doctrine is claimed by the ancient Christian Churches (the [[Roman Catholic]], the [[Eastern Orthodox]], the [[Oriental Orthodox]]), and other ancient Churches, and as well as by the traditional [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]] and [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] Churches (Anglo-Catholic), and by several of the [[Lutheran]] Churches; it is referenced favorably by other churches. Some Protestant churches do not accept this doctrine as it has been commonly described, but rather will redefine it in a different way.<ref>Such Protestant reform Churches redefine Apostolic Succession as a continuity of the "teaching" of the Apostles (see below).</ref>

[[Papal primacy]] is an issue different though related to Apostolic Succession. The Catholic Church has traditionally claimed a unique leadership role in that the apostle [[Saint Peter|Peter]], believed to be named by Jesus as leader of the apostles and as a focus of their unity, became the first [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]], whose successors would accordingly become leaders as well. Churches not in communion with Rome do not agree completely or at all with this Catholic interpretation.

The literature on this traditional doctrine is substantial. Many inferences from it may be drawn.<ref>For example, the unbrokenness of Apostolic Succession may be significant because of the promise made by Jesus Christ that the "gates of hell" ({{bibleverse||Matthew|16:18|NRSV}}) would not prevail against the Church, and his promise that he himself would be with the apostles to "the end of the age" ({{bibleverse||Matthew|28:20|NRSV}}). According to this interpretation, a complete disruption or end of such apostolic succession would mean that these promises were not kept; as would an apostolic succession which, while formally intact, completely abandoned the teachings of the Apostles and their immediate successors, for example, if all the bishops of the world agreed to abrogate the [[Nicene Creed]] or to repudiate the [[Bible]].</ref>

The early Creed of the Church, adopted by the first ecumenical [[Council of Nicaea]] in 325, affirms that the Church is "One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic."<ref>''The Nicene Creed'' (325 A.D.).</ref> Virtually all [[Christian denomination]]s consider Apostolic Succession important in some fashion, although their definitions of the concept may vary, in some cases vary greatly (see below).

==Churches claiming Apostolic Succession==

Churches that claim the [[historic episcopate]] include the [[Roman Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]], [[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian]], [[Independent Catholic Churches|Independent Catholic]], the [[Anglicanism|Anglican Communion]], and several Lutheran Churches (see below). The first two churches teach that Apostolic Succession is maintained through the consecration of their [[bishop]]s in unbroken personal succession back to the apostles.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01648b.htm Apostolicity] [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] article</ref> The Anglican and some Lutheran Churches do not specifically teach this but exclusively practice episcopal ordination.

These churches generally hold that Jesus Christ founded a community of believers and selected the apostles to serve, as a group, as the leadership of that community.

===The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches===
{{rquote|right|Since, however, it would be very tedious, in such a volume as this, to reckon up the successions of all the Churches, we do put to confusion all those who, in whatever manner, whether by an evil self-pleasing, by vainglory, or by blindness and perverse opinion, assemble in unauthorized meetings; [we do this, I say,] by indicating that tradition derived from the apostles, of the very great, the very ancient, and universally known Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. For it is a matter of necessity that every Church should agree with this Church, on account of its preeminent authority, that is, the faithful everywhere, inasmuch as the apostolical tradition has been preserved continuously by those [faithful men] who exist everywhere.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm Adversus Haereses (Book III, Chapter 3)]</ref>|[[Irenaeus]]}}
In Roman Catholic and Orthodox theology, the ''College of Apostles'' received the sacrament of [[Holy Orders]] from Christ, making them the first bishops, and the bishops of the world today, as a group (the [[College of Bishops]]) have the same role within the church as the College of Apostles did immediately after Christ's ministry. The Roman Catholic Church additionally holds that within the College of Apostles, Peter was picked out for the unique role of leadership and to serve as the source of unity among the apostles, a role among the bishops and within the church inherited by the pope as Peter's successor today.

These churches hold that Christ entrusted the apostles with the leadership of the community of believers, and the obligation to transmit and preserve the "deposit of faith" (the experience of Christ and his teachings contained in the doctrinal "tradition" handed down from the time of the apostles, the written portion of which is Scripture). The apostles then passed on this office and authority by ordaining bishops to follow after them.

Roman Catholic theology and Eastern Orthodox theology additionally hold that the Apostolic Succession affects the power and authority to administer the [[sacraments]], or at least all of the sacraments aside from baptism and matrimony (the first of which may be administered by anyone, the second of which is administered by the couple to each other). Authority to so administer such sacraments is passed on only through the sacrament of [[Holy Orders]], a rite by which a priest is ordained (ordination can be conferred only by a bishop). The bishop, of course, must be from an unbroken line of bishops stemming from the original apostles selected by Jesus Christ. Thus, Apostolic Succession is necessary for the valid celebration of the sacraments today.

The unbrokenness of apostolic succession is also significant because of Jesus Christ's promise that the "gates of hell"<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|16:18|NRSV}}</ref> would not prevail against the Church, and his promise that he himself would be with the apostles to "the end of the age".<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|28:20|NRSV}}</ref> According to this interpretation, a complete disruption or end of apostolic succession would mean that these promises were not kept as would happen also with an apostolic succession that, while formally intact, completely abandoned the teachings of the Apostles and their immediate successors, as, for example, if all the bishops of the world agreed to abrogate the [[Nicene Creed]] or to repudiate the [[Bible]].

Roman Catholics recognize the validity of the apostolic successions of the bishops, and therefore the rest of the clergy, of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, Old Catholic, and some Independent Catholic Churches. Rome does not fully recognize the Anglican orders as valid.

The Eastern Orthodox do not act as a whole, but are divided into various autocephalous ecclesiastical primacies. Accordingly these Orthodox jurisdictions, although mutually recognizing each others Apostolic Succession do not universally recognize the Apostolic Succession in other Churches. Generally, however, apostolic succession by the Roman Catholics is so recognized, and many so recognize that of others, e.g. the Anglicans and Oriental Orthodox. Until the time comes when the practices of the Orthodox Church are unified, the validity of any priest's ordination will be decided by each autocephalous Orthodox Church.<ref>http://www.usccb.org/seia/ordinati.shtml</ref>

===Traditional Western Churches as seen by Eastern Churches===

The [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]] have often permitted clergy ordained by Roman Catholic and Anglican bishops to be rapidly ordained within Orthodoxy as a matter of [[Economy (Eastern Orthodoxy)|economia]]. In some cases, priests entering Eastern Orthodoxy have been received by "vesting" and have been allowed to function immediately within Orthodoxy as priests. This is rare and often still a matter of economia and not always a recognition of Apostolic Succession.<ref>http://www.usccb.org/seia/ordinati.shtml</ref>

In addition to a line of historic transmission, [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]] churches additionally require that a hierarch maintain Orthodox Church doctrine, which they hold to be that of the Apostles, as well as communion with other Orthodox bishops.

The [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], which is one of the Oriental Orthodox churches, recognizes Roman Catholic episcopal consecrations without qualification (and that recognition is reciprocated).

===The Anglican Communion as seen by the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches===
{{Anglicanism}}
In the twentieth century there have been a variety of positions taken by the various [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es on the validity of Anglican orders. In 1922 the Patriarch of Constantinople
recognized them as valid.<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgbmxd/patriarc.htm]</ref> He wrote: "That the orthodox theologians who have scientifically examined the question have almost unanimously come to the same conclusions and have declared themselves as accepting the validity of Anglican Orders."

Succeeding judgments, however, have been more conflicting. The Orthodox Churches require a totality of common teaching in order to recognize orders and in this broader view finds ambiguities in Anglican teaching and practice problematic. Accordingly, in practice Anglican clergy who convert to Orthodoxy are treated as if they had not been ordained and must be ordained in the Orthodox Church as would any lay person.<ref>[http://www.orthodox.clara.net/orthodoxy_and_anglicanism.htm]</ref>

In the Roman Catholic Church, [[Pope Leo XIII]] stated in his [[1896]] [[Papal bull|bull]] ''[[Apostolicae Curae]]'' that the [[Catholic Church]] believes specifically that the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican Church]]'s consecrations are "absolutely invalid and utterly void" because of changes made to the rite of consecration under [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]], thus denying that Anglicans participate in the apostolic succession.

A reply from the Archbishops of Canterbury and York (1896) was issued to counter Pope Leo's arguments: ''[[Apostolicae Curae#Saepius Officio|Saepius Officio]]: Answer of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York to the Bull Apostolicae Curae of H. H. Leo XIII''.<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgbmxd/saepius.htm</ref> It was even suggested in their reply that if the Anglican orders were invalid, then the Roman orders were as well:

<blockquote>For if the Pope shall by a new decree declare our Fathers of two hundred and fifty years ago wrongly ordained, there is nothing to hinder the inevitable sentence that by the same law all who have been similarly ordained have received no orders. And if our Fathers, who used in 1550 and 1552 forms which as he (the Pope) says are null, were altogether unable to reform them in 1662, (Roman) Fathers come under the self-same law. And if Hippolytus and Victor and Leo and Gelasius and Gregory have some of them said too little in their rites about the priesthood and the high priesthood, and nothing about the power of offering the sacrifice of the Body and Blood of Christ, the church of Rome herself has an invalid priesthood...<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgbmxd/saepius.htm Archbishops of England: ''Saepius Officio'': Answer of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York to the Bull Apostolicae Curae of H. H. Leo XIII]</ref></blockquote>

It is Roman Catholic doctrine that the teaching of ''Apostolicae Curae'' is a truth to be "held definitively":

<blockquote>
With regard to those truths connected to revelation by historical necessity and which are to be held definitively, but are not able to be declared as divinely revealed, the following examples can be given: the legitimacy of the election of the Supreme Pontiff or of the celebration of an ecumenical council, the canonizations of saints (dogmatic facts), the declaration of Pope Leo XIII in the Apostolic Letter Apostolicae Curae on the invalidity of Anglican ordinations... <ref>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/CDFADTU.HTM Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith: ''Doctrinal commentary on the concluding formula of the ''professio fidei]</ref>
</blockquote>

"While firmly restating the judgment of ''Apostolicae Curae'' that Anglican ordination is invalid, the Catholic Church takes account of the involvement, in some Anglican episcopal ordinations, of bishops of the Old Catholic Church of the Union of Utrecht who are validly ordained. In particular and probably rare cases the authorities in Rome may judge that there is a 'prudent doubt' concerning the invalidity of priestly ordination received by an individual Anglican minister ordained in this line of succession." This statement, issued by Cardinal [[Basil Hume]] to explain the conditional character of his ordination of Dr [[Graham Leonard]], former Anglican bishop of the Diocese of London, to the priesthood<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/nj/malleus/hume_statement.html Statement of Cardinal Hume on the Ordination of Anglican Bishop Graham Leonard as a Roman Catholic Priest]</ref> is probably the most authoritative indication of the present Roman Catholic view of Anglican orders.

All current Anglican bishops have been consecrated in succession through [[Old Catholic]] or [[Orthodox]] lines whose holy orders are recognized by the Holy See. The [[Utrecht Union|Old Catholic Union of Utrecht]] is in full communion with [[Archbishop of Canterbury|Canterbury and Anglicanism]] since the [[Bonn Agreement (religion)|Bonn Agreement]] of 1931. Since the issuance of ''Apostolicae Curae'' many Anglican jurisdictions have revised their ordinals, bringing them more in line with ordinals of the early Church. The [[Nag's Head Fable]] discrediting Matthew Parker's ordination was dismissed as an invention long before the issuance of ''Apostolicae Curae''.

===The Porvoo Communion of Churches===
Negotiated at Porvoo, Finland in 1994, this agreement of unity includes the mutual recognition of the traditional Apostolic Succession among the following Churches:

*Lutheran Churches: Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland, Church of Norway, Church of Sweden, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Lithuania; observers: Church of Denmark, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia.

*Anglican Communion: Church of Ireland, Scottish Episcopal Church, Church of England, the Church in Wales, as well as the Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church, and the Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church.

===The Lutheran Churches===

The six major [[Lutheran]] Churches of the [[Porvoo Communion]] (those of Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, and Lithuania) believe that they ordain their bishops in the Apostolic Succession in lines from the original Apostles.<ref>[http://www.ind-movement.org/intro.html Introduction to the World of Autocephalous Churches in the Apostolic Succession]. As well, the [[Old Catholic Church]].</ref> Two other Lutheran Churches (those of Denmark and of Latvia) were observers at Porvoo. Several Churches within the historic episcopate believe the [[Church of Sweden]] and the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland]]<ref>[http://www.ind-movement.org/intro.html Ind-Movement: Introduction to the World of Autocephalous Churches in the Apostolic Succession]</ref> have maintained apostolic succession, despite their [[Lutheranism]]. This view is not held by the Roman Catholic Church<ref>http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01641a.htm</ref> nor by all of Orthodoxy.

Not all Lutheran Churches are favorable to the traditional doctrine of Apostolic Succession (see below). One context for the wide differences among the Lutheran Churches is that by the [[Prussian Union (Evangelical Christian Church)|Prussian Union]] of 1817 the government ordered the Lutheran Churches in Prussia to merge with non-Lutheran reform Churches in Prussia. Perhaps also many of the Lutheran Churches are relatively indifferent as a matter of doctrine to this particular issue of ecclesiastical governance, e.g., the conservative [[Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod|Missouri Synod]] generally places its church authority in the congregation rather than in the bishop, yet this church is in fellowship with other Lutheran Churches favoring episcopacy. The larger [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] is led by the Presiding Bishop who is elected by the Churchwide Assembly for a six year term. The [[Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church]] recovered the Apostolic Succession from [[Old Catholic]] and [[Independent Catholic]] Churches, adopted a strict [[episcopal polity]], and all of its clergy have been ordained (or re-ordained) into the historic Apostolic Succession. [[The Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church]] has autonomous and congregationally oriented ministries and believes it consecrates deacons, priests and bishops in valid and historic Apostolic Succession. This must be done through the laying on of hands with word and sacrament during the celebration of Holy Communion. Only bishops may consecrate deacons, priests and other bishops into Apostolic Succession. The newly consecrated bishop's name is added to the apostolic lineage.[http://www.orgsites.com/pa/lutheranepc/index.html]

===The Methodist Church===
The Methodist Church of Great Britain is non-episcopal. Bishops in the [[United Methodist Church]] of the USA do not claim to be within the historic episcopate in the same way as Anglican, Catholic, and Orthodox bishops. They do, however, claim a corporate ("connexional") and theological form of Apostolic succession, and are not adverse to [[ecumenical]] acts which would further establish their ministry within the historic episcopate, though such would have to be accomplished without repudiating or otherwise questioning the validity of their current orders and ministries. Methodist episcopal succession derives from [[John Wesley]], who was an ordained [[presbyter]] of the [[Church of England]] but not himself a bishop and thus not officially authorized to consecrate others. Wesley justified his practice of ordaining bishops (which he called "[[General Superintendent]]s") and [[Elder (Methodism)|Elders]] (i.e., presbyters) for Methodists in the newly independent [[United States of America]] in 1784 by appealing to a perceived need and by citing a minority opinion among the early [[Church Fathers]] and an ancient precedent from the [[Church of Alexandria]], which held that presbyters ("priests" or "elders") could, at least collectively, indeed ordain other such presbyters and even consecrate, or "set apart" bishops in certain emergency situations.<ref>[http://www.revneal.org/Writings/apostoli.htm Grace Incarnate Ministries: Methodist/Anglican Thoughts On Apostolic Succession]</ref> Based upon this argument, the United Methodist Church understands all of its Elders, not just its Bishops, as being part of an Apostolic succession of the entire body (or "conference") of ministers: {{cquote|In ordination, the church affirms and continues the apostolic ministry through persons empowered by the Holy Spirit. ([[Book of Discipline (United Methodist)|Book of Discipline]] paragraph 303)}} In other words, Methodists understand apostolic succession as being rooted within the [[Presbyterate]]. This does not mean, however, that all elders may ordain; quite the contrary: only those elders who have been elected and consecrated as bishops can further the apostolic succession through the ordination of bishops, elders, and deacons within the United Methodist Church. In this way, the United Methodist episcopacy functions as if it were within the historic episcopate.

Accepting, but moving beyond this position, a few Methodists do affirm that their bishops stand in a form of the historic, as well as theological, Apostolic Succession (i.e., in the Anglican fashion); their argument is that Wesley's ordinations, and therefore the subsequent line of Methodist bishops, are legitimate due to the critical nature of the circumstances extant at that time. Some Methodists even make an appeal to the "Erasmian consecration," which asserts that, while on a visit to London in 1763, the [[Greek Orthodox]] bishop of the Diocese of Arcadia, [[Crete]], secretly consecrated Wesley to the episcopacy. That Wesley actually met with Bishop Erasmus during the bishop's visit to London is not questioned; what is questioned is that Erasmus did more than simply "confirm Wesley in his ministry among the Methodists in [[England]] and [[United States|America]]." When Wesley was asked by a [[clergyman]] if Erasmus of Arcadia had consecrated him a bishop, he said: "I cannot answer you."<ref>[http://wesley.nnu.edu/wesleyan_theology/mreview/1870/A_%201878_%20Was%20Wesley%20Ordained%20Bishop%20by%20Erasmus_%2088-111.htm Wesley Center Online: The Methodist Quarterly Review 1878]</ref> Another source states that when Wesley was asked if Erasmus had made him a bishop, he offered no personal response but, rather, took the unusual course of authorizing a representative to reply that he had not requested episcopal consecration within the Greek Orthodox line. Many take this as a sufficient denial, but those who believe that Wesley was actually consecrated make the following arguments to the contrary:
#Wesley personally remained silent on the subject,
#Wesley took the unusual step of having someone to speak on his behalf, and
#Wesley ''never actually denied being consecrated a bishop,'' what he denied was ''requesting'' consecration from Erasmus.

Contrary to the "Erasmian consecration" stands the undeniable fact that, beginning with the [[American Revolution]] in the 1770s, Wesley did request episcopal consecration for several of his preachers and, indeed, for himself, so as to provide sacramental ministry for the Methodists in the break-away colonies. Opponents of the possibility that John Wesley had been consecrated a bishop by [[Erasmus of Arcadia]] argue that if Wesley had already been consecrated a bishop by Erasmus, he would have not requested such consecrations for others or for himself. The Greek Orthodox Bishop, [[Erasmus of Arcadia]], is said to have ordained several Methodist lay preachers during [[John Wesley|Reverend John Wesley]]'s absence from London in 1764,<ref>[http://www.mun.ca/rels/meth/texts/origins/earlym2.html Hans Rollman: Early Methodism in Newfoundland]</ref>notably, [[Reverend John Jones]].<ref>[http://rylibweb.man.ac.uk/data1/dg/methodist/bio/bioe.html The Methodist Archives Biograpical Index: Erasmus]</ref>

Nevertheless, the "Erasmian consecration" remained a very popular argument throughout much of the 1800s and, while still garnering a following among some proponents today, it is not accepted by a majority of Methodists nor even by most of those who affirm a form of Apostolicity for their bishops. Interestingly enough, Wesley's consecration as a bishop by Erasmus of Arcadia is affirmed by ''Unity Catholic Church'', an [[Independent Catholic Church]].<ref>[http://www.unitycatholic.org/page11.html Unity Catholic Church: Constitution]</ref>

==Protestant Churches against traditional Apostolic Succession==
===Contra: Doctrinal continuity important, the Ecclesia not===
====Institutional background====

Many [[Protestant|Protestant Churches]], especially those following the Magisterial reformers, e.g., [[John Calvin]] (1509-1564), deny that the apostolicity of the Church rests on an unbroken episcopacy. In general, while Protestant Churches seldom refer to traditional post-Apostolic (ante-Nicene) doctrine, they will accept such claims advanced by the ancient Churches, as supportive evidence for their (Protestant) understanding of Scripture. Among the non-Calvinistic (Reformed) Protestant Churches, e.g., most of those following [[Martin Luther]] (1483-1546), many are, to a degree, similar; nonetheless, some Lutheran Churches claim for their bishops the ecclesiastic authority of traditional Apostolic Succession (see "Lutheran Churches"). Of course, the more moderate "Protestant" Churches claim such traditional authority as well, but with some redefinition of the terms used.

====A Protestant Reformation definition of Apostolic Succession====

Protestants may hold that one important qualification of the apostles was that they were chosen directly by [[Jesus]] and that they witnessed the resurrected Christ. According to this understanding, the work of these twelve (and the Apostle [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]]), together with the prophets of the twelve tribes of Israel, provide the doctrinal foundation for the whole church of subsequent history through the Scriptures of the Bible. These Protestants say that to share with the historic apostles the same faith, to believe their word as found in the Scriptures, to receive the same Holy Spirit, is the only sense in which "apostolic succession" is meaningful, because it is in this sense only that men have fellowship with God in the truth (an extension of the [[Reformation]] doctrines of ''[[sola fide]]'' and ''[[sola scriptura]]''). The most meaningful ''apostolic succession'' for many Protestants, then, is construed as the faithful succession of apostolic '''teaching'''.

In addition, many Protestant ''contras'' state that the teaching of Apostolic Succession did not arise until 170-200 A.D.<ref>http://mb-soft.com/believe/txo/apossucc.htm</ref>

===A traditionalist response to the redefinition===
====Commentary on semantics and on concord====

The above ''contra'' position clearly rejects Apostolic Succession as traditionally understood (see above "The Traditional Doctrine"). Yet the ''contra'' position goes on to articulate an entirely new and completely different definition of Apostolic Succession, one that references loyalty to the ''teaching'' of the apostles. Thus here "succession" would not in any way refer to which person will next occupy a leadership position in the church and its theological character. Of course, each church freely defines or redefines for itself its own understanding of any theological term it uses; in which case, confusion may result if it is not remembered that the same word or phrase may mean something entirely different.

Disagreement is common among the various Protestant reform churches as to the interpreted content of the Christian ''teaching'' that commands loyalty. Disagreement also can result among traditionalists as to the identity of bishops under Apostolic Succession, but this rarely happens. However, traditionalist Apostolic Succession does result in an ecclesiastical structure that provides the medium for settling many difficult matters regarding the interpreted content of Christian doctrine or teaching.

====Scripture and the understanding of the early Church====

Those traditionalists who hold to the importance of episcopal apostolic succession may counter the ''contra'' paragraphs above by appealing to the ''[[New Testament]]''. These Scriptures imply a personal apostolic succession (e.g., from [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] to [[Timothy]] and [[Apostle Titus|Titus]]). Traditionalists say that in the ''New Testament'' Jesus gave the Apostles authority to lead the Church as they deemed proper under the guidance of the [[Holy Spirit]].<ref>E.g., [[Gospel of Matthew|''Matthew'']] 18:18; and, [[Acts of the Apostles|''Acts'']] Chapter 15.</ref>

Traditionalists may appeal as well to other documents of the very early Church, especially the ''Epistle of St. Clement to the Church at Corinth'', written circa [[96 AD]]. In it, [[Pope Clement I|Clement]] defends the authority and prerogatives of a group of "[[elder (religious)|elder]]s" or "[[bishop]]s" in the Corinthian Church which had, apparently, been deposed and replaced by the congregation on its own initiative. In this context, Clement explicitly states that the apostles both appointed bishops as successors and had directed that these bishops should in turn appoint their own successors; given this, such leaders of the Church were not to be removed without cause and not in this way.

Further, proponents of the necessity of the personal apostolic succession of bishops point to the universal practice of the undivided early Church, from which, as ecclesiastical organizations, the Catholic, the Eastern Orthodox, as well Oriental Orthodox, and the Assyrian, Churches have all directly descended.

====Common ground====

One reason often given for traditional Apostolic Succession is the need for institutional continuity so that Christian doctrine, not only the written texts (pre-Gutenberg (1397-1468) an important consideration) but also their proper orthodox interpretation, could be better maintained. Many Protestants ''contra'' to traditionalist Apostolic Succession would not deny the importance of continuity and consistency in the true interpretation of Christian doctrine. At the same time, traditionalist defending Apostolic Succession would agree that ecclesiastics should remain orthodox in their teaching.

===Charismatic and Restorationist new ''apostles''===

It is worth noting that some Protestant [[Charismatic movement|charismatic]] and [[restorationist]] churches include "apostles" among the offices that should be evident into modern times in a true church, though they never trace an historical line of succession. It is frequently the case that the founders or senior leaders of a [[restorationist]] church grouping will be referred to as the apostles. [[Church planting]] is seen as a key role of these present-day apostles.

== Latter-day Saints (Mormons) ==

[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]--also, sometimes referred to as "Mormons" (more properly, Latter-day Saints)--has a similar, but unique, position in relation to other Christian denominations.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that Jesus Christ directs his church at all times through [[Revelation#Latter Day Saint concept of Revelation|revelation]] to a prophet of God. However, individuals are entitled to revelation only for that [[Calling (Mormonism)|calling]] over which they have authority. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that everyone is entitled to revelation concerning themselves; a head of household is entitled to revelation for his or her family; a bishop has the authority to receive revelation concerning the congregation over which he presides (a [[Ward (Mormonism)|ward]]). Only ordained apostles have the authority from the Lord to receive revelation for doctrine for the entire church. An example of what The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints calls church-wide apostolic revelation can be found in {{sourcetext | source=Bible | version=King James | book=Acts | chapter=10 | verse=1 | range=-48}} where Peter had prayed and received revelation from God that the gospel could now go forward to the Gentiles as well as the Jews.
<ref>Although The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is at times compared to the Gnostics, who felt free to modify existing scriptures, this restriction greatly limits how existing doctrine can be modified. In general, a doctrinal change must be proposed by the President / Prophet, approved by the General Authorities, and sustained by the general body of the church before becoming official doctrine.</ref> Hence, the scripture where Christ says "upon this rock I will build my church" is interpreted by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a reference to ''revelation'':

<blockquote>"When Jesus came into the coasts of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, saying, Whom do men say that I the Son of man am? And they said, Some say that thou art John the Baptist: some, Elias; and others, Jeremias, or one of the prophets. He saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am? And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God. And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-jona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven. And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it."<br>{{sourcetext | source=Bible | version=King James | book=Matthew | chapter=16 | verse=13 | range=-18}}</blockquote>

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that when Christ asked his disciples who they think he is, Peter had the right answer because he prayed and received revelation: "Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-jona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, ''but my Father which is in heaven.''" They believe that when Christ said "upon this rock I will build my church", the rock of which he was speaking was ''revelation''. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that certain aspects of the church will change over time. For example, at one time Christ said not to preach to the Gentiles, and later Peter was given a revelation when it was time to start.<ref>{{sourcetext | source=Bible | version=King James | book=Acts | chapter=10}}</ref> The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that the need for constant ongoing revelation is critical to conduct the affairs of the church.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that Christ chose apostles and gave them the authority to receive revelation for the church by the laying on of hands. It further teaches that the apostles passed this authority onto others by choosing and ordaining new apostles by the laying on of hands (such as Paul and Matthias). Those individuals then had the appropriate authority to receive revelation for and officiate over the church in that office at that time:

<blockquote>"And they prayed, and said, Thou, Lord, which knowest the hearts of all men, shew whether of these two thou hast chosen, That he may take part of this ministry and apostleship, from which Judas by transgression fell, that he might go to his own place. And they gave forth their lots; and the lot fell upon Matthias; and he was numbered with the eleven apostles."<br>{{sourcetext | source=Bible | version=King James | book=Acts | chapter=1 | verse=24 | range=-26}}</blockquote>

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that an apostasy occurred, where the apostolic authority was taken from the earth at some time after the original apostles. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints refers to the resultant loss of revelation and falling away from the teachings of Jesus Christ as the [[Great Apostasy#The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Great Apostasy]]. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that this was predicted when Amos said that there would be a "famine of hearing the words of the Lord" in {{sourcetext | source=Bible | version=King James | book=Amos | chapter=8 | verse=11}}, and by Paul when he was talking about the second coming "that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first" in {{sourcetext | source=Bible | version=King James | book=2 Thessalonians | chapter=2 | verse=3}}.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints maintains that the authority from God needed to be restored to the earth, which took place when God the Father and His son, Jesus Christ, [[First Vision|appeared]] to [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] near [[Palmyra (town), New York|Palmyra, New York]] in [[1820]] and called Joseph as a prophet to restore Christ's church to the earth with correct doctrines and practices. Other mainstream church denominations do not accept these "latter day revelations" as authoritative.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that near the time that Joseph formally organized The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in [[1830]], the apostles Peter, James and John appeared to Joseph and Oliver Cowdery, laid their hands on Joseph and Oliver and restored to them the apostolic authority to govern the church.<ref>{{sourcetext | source=The Doctrine and Covenants | book=Covenant 27 | verse=12}}</ref>, and that Joseph was visited by other heavenly messengers at different times, each one conferring upon him the particular authority or keys for which they had stewardship. For example, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints maintains that John the Baptist restored the [[Aaronic Priesthood]] to Joseph and Oliver, Peter James and John restored the [[Melchizedek priesthood (Mormonism)|Melchizedek Priesthood]] to them, with other heavenly messengers such as Moses and Elijah restoring to them the keys to the gathering of Israel and the sealing power of Elijah. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that Joseph was given the authority like the apostles of old, to confer to others specific priesthood authority by the laying on of hands. It further believes that all of the various keys of this authority have been and are passed on to worthy, male members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints according to their particular offices. In this way, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints claims that apostolic authority was ''restored'' to the earth through the original twelve apostles and apostolic succession continues today through the ordination of new apostles as the older apostles pass away.

== See also ==

* [[New Apostolic Church]]
* [[Twelve Apostles|Apostle]]
* [[International Circle of Faith]]
* [[List of Bishops]]
* [[Episcopi vagantes]]
* [[Valid but illicit]]
* [[Independent Catholic Churches]]
* [[Old Catholic]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Sources and external links ==
* [http://www.revneal.org/Writings/methepisc.htm Methodist Episcopacy: In Search of Holy Orders (1990)] by Gregory S. Neal
* [http://www.revneal.org/Writings/apostoli.htm Methodist Apostolicity] by Gregory S. Neal
* [http://wesley.nnu.edu/wesleyan_theology/mreview/1870/A_%201878_%20Was%20Wesley%20Ordained%20Bishop%20by%20Erasmus_%2088-111.htm "Was Wesley Ordained By Bishop Erasmus?" ''The Methodist Quarterly Review'' (1878)]
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.iv.iv.html Against Heresies, Online-text], Irenaeus, ''[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Against Heresies]]''
* [http://www.catholic-pages.com/pope/hahn.asp Scott Hahn on the Papacy] by [[Scott Hahn]]. Discusses "the ''chamberlain'' of the royal household of ancient Israel" or "''[[Prime minister]]''" of the "''house of [[David (biblical king)|David]]''" ([http://bible.crosswalk.com/Lexicons/Hebrew/heb.cgi?number=04668&version=kjv Isaiah 22:22]) vis-à-vis ''[[Dynasty|Dynastic]] Succession'' .
* [http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=a&word=APOSTOLICSUCCESSION Christian Cyclopedia article on Apostolic Succession]
* [http://www.wikichristian.org/Apostolic_Succession Views on Apostolic Succession at WikiChristian]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01648b.htm Apostolicity in the Catholic Encylopedia]
* [http://earlychristianchurch.blogspot.com/ Early Christian Church and Apostolic Succession]
[[Category:Christian group structuring]]
[[Category:Ecclesiology]]
[[Category:Episcopacy in Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Episcopacy in Roman Catholicism]]

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