{{Five oceans}}
The '''Arctic Ocean''', located in the [[northern hemisphere]] and mostly in the [[Arctic]] [[North Pole|north polar]] region, is the smallest of the world's five major [[ocean]]ic divisions and the shallowest.<ref Name=Pidwirny>{{cite web | title=Introduction to the Oceans| work=www.physicalgeography.net| url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html | author=Michael Pidwirny|date=2006 | accessdate=2006-12-07 }}</ref> The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some [[oceanography|oceanographers]] may call it the ''Arctic Mediterranean Sea'' or simply the ''Arctic Sea'', classifying it as one of the [[mediterranean sea (oceanography)|mediterranean seas]] of the [[Atlantic Ocean]]<ref>{{ Citation
| first=Matthias
| last=Tomczak
| first2=J. Stuart
| last2=Godfrey
| title=Regional Oceanography: an Introduction
| edition=2
| year=2003
| publisher=Daya Publishing House
| place=Delhi
| isbn=81-7035-306-8
| url=http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/regoc/
}}</ref>. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost lobe of the all-encompassing [[World Ocean]].
Almost completely surrounded by [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]], the Arctic Ocean is largely covered by [[sea ice]] throughout the year. The Arctic Ocean's [[temperature]] and [[salinity]] vary [[season]]ally as the ice cover melts and freezes<ref>[http://psc.apl.washington.edu/HLD/Lomo/OM2001AagaardWoodgate.pdf Some Thoughts on the Freezing and Melting of Sea Ice and Their Effects on the Ocean] K. Aagaard and R. A. Woodgate, Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory
University of Washington, January 2001. Retrieved [[7 December]] [[2006]]. </ref>; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major seas, due to low [[evaporation]], heavy freshwater inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the icepack has been quoted at 50%.<ref Name=Pidwirny/>
== Geography ==
[[Image:IBCAO betamap.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Bathymetric/topographic map of the Arctic Ocean and the surrounds]]
The Arctic Ocean occupies a roughly circular basin and covers an area of about 14,056,000 km² (5,440,000 sq mi), slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the [[United States]].<ref name=nyt>{{cite book | first=John W. (ed.) | last=Wright | coauthors=Editors and reporters of ''The New York Times'' | year=2006 | title=The New York Times Almanac | edition=2007 | publisher=Penguin Books | location=New York, New York | isbn=0-14-303820-6|pages=455}}</ref> The coastline length is 45,389 kilometers (28,203 mi).<ref name=nyt/> Nearly landlocked, it is surrounded by the land masses of [[Eurasia]], [[North America]], [[Greenland]], and several islands. It includes [[Baffin Bay]], [[Barents Sea]], [[Beaufort Sea]], [[Chukchi Sea]], [[East Siberian Sea]], [[Greenland Sea]], [[Hudson Bay]], [[Hudson Strait]], [[Kara Sea]], [[Laptev Sea]], [[White Sea]] and other tributary bodies of water. It is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the [[Bering Strait]] and to the [[Atlantic Ocean]] through the Greenland Sea<ref Name=Pidwirny/> and [[Labrador Sea]]. Its geographic coordinates are: {{coor dm|90|00|N|0|00|E|}}
According to the International Hydrographic Organization,<ref>[http://ioc.unesco.org/oceanteacher/OceanTeacher2/01_GlobOcToday/03_GeopolOc/s23_1953.pdf ''Limits of Oceans and Seas'']. International Hydrographic Organization Special Publication No. 23, 3rd Edition, 1953 ''(the fourth edition has yet to be ratified)''</ref> the limits of the Arctic Ocean proper are (see [http://www.iho.shom.fr/publicat/free/files/S23_Ed3_Sheet_1_Small.jpg the map]):
* A great circle line running from [[Cape Morris Jesup]], the northernmost point of [[Greenland]] ({{coor dm|83|38|N|32|40|W}}) to the northernmost point of [[Spitsbergen]] (south of which line lies the [[Greenland Sea]]).
* Parallel 80° North to [[North East Land]] ([[Nordaustlandet]]).
* The north shore of Nordaustlandet to its easternmost point, [[Cape Leigh Smith]] ({{coor dm|80|05|N|28|00|E}}).
* A line running from Cape Leigh Smith to [[Cape Kohlsaat]], the easternmost point of [[Franz Josef Land]] ({{coor dm|81|14|N|65|10|E}}, south of which line lies the [[Barents Sea]]).
* A line running from Cape Kohlsaat to [[Cape Molotov]] ([[Arctic Cape]]), the northernmost point of [[Komsomolets Island]] ({{coor dm|81|13|N|95|15|E}}, south of which line lies the [[Kara Sea]]).
* A line running from Arctic Cape to the northernmost point of [[Kotelni Island]] ({{coor dm|76|10|N|138|50|E}}, south of which line lies the [[Laptev Sea]]).
* A line running from the northernmost point of Kotelni Island to the northermost point of [[Wrangel Island]] ({{coor dm|71|40|N|179|30|W}}, south of which line lies the [[East Siberian Sea]]).
* A line running from the northernmost point of Wrangel Island to [[Point Barrow]], the northernmost point of [[Alaska]] ({{coor dm|71|23|N|156|29|W}}, south of which line lies the [[Chuckchi Sea]]).
* A line running from Point Barrow to [[Land's End, Prince Patrick Island|Cape Land's End]] on [[Prince Patrick Island]], [[Northwest Territories]] ({{coor dm|76|27|N|121|59|W}}, south of which line lies the [[Beaufort Sea]]).
* The northwest coast of Prince Patrick Island north to [[Cape Leopold M'Clintock]], its northernmost point ({{coor dm|77|33|N|116|23|W}}).
* A line running from Cape Leopold M'Clintock to [[Cape Murray]] on [[Brock Island]] ({{coor dm|77|57|N|115|04|W}}).
* The northwest coast of Brock Island north to its northermost point ({{coor dm|78|05|N|114|20|W}}).
* A line running from the northermost point of Brook Island to [[Cape Mackay]] on [[Borden Island]], its westernmost point ({{coor dm|78|20|N|113|18|W}}).
* The northwest coast of Borden Island north to [[Cape Malloch]] ({{coor dm|78|46|N|110|24|W}}, the northernmost point of the Northwest Territories).
* A line running from Cape Malloch to [[Cape Isachsen]] on [[Ellef Ringnes Island]], [[Nunavut]], its northwesternmost point ({{coor dm|79|20|N|105|24|W}}).
* A line running from Cape Isachsen to the northwesternmost point of [[Meighen Island]] ({{coor dm|80|05|N|100|10|W}}).
* A line running from the northwesternmost point of Meighen Island to [[Cape Stallworthy]] on [[Axel Heiberg Island]], its northernmost point ({{coor dm|81|23|N|93|33|W}}).
* A line running from Cape Stallworthy to [[Cape Colgate]] on [[Ellesmere Island]], its westernmost point ({{coor dm|81|37|N|91|55|W}}).
* The north coast of Ellesmere Island north to [[Cape Columbia]], its northernmost point ({{coor dm|83|05|N|70|21|W}}).
* A line running from Cape Columbia to Cape Morris Jesup (south of which line lies the [[Lincoln Sea]]).
[[Image:Arctic.svg|thumb|right|225px|Arctic Region]]
An underwater ridge, the [[Lomonosov Ridge]], divides the deep sea [[North Polar Basin]] into two basins: the [[Eurasian Basin]], which is between 4,000 and 4,500 meters (13,000 and 15,000 ft) deep, and the [[Amerasian Basin]] (sometimes called [[North American Basin|North American]], or [[Hyperborean Basin|Hyperborean]]), which is about 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) deep. The [[bathymetry]] of the ocean bottom is marked by [[fault-block ridge]]s, [[abyssal plain|plains of the abyssal zone]], ocean deeps, and basins. The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is 1,038 meters (3,407 ft).<ref>{{cite web | title=The Mariana Trench - Oceanography| work=www.marianatrench.com | url=http://www.marianatrench.com/mariana_trench-oceanography.htm | date=[[2003-04-04]]| accessdate=2006-12-02 }}</ref> The deepest point is in the Eurasian Basin, at 5,450 meters (17,881 ft).
The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the [[Canada Basin]] (between [[Alaska]]/[[Canada]] and the [[Alpha Ridge]]), [[Makarov Basin]] (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), [[Fram Basin]] (between Lomonosov and [[Nansen-Gakkel Ridge|Nansen-Gakkel]] ridges), and [[Nansen Basin]] ([[Amundsen Basin]]) (between the Nansen-Gakkel Ridge and the [[continental shelf]] that includes the [[Franz Joseph Land]]).
The Arctic Ocean contains a major chokepoint in the southern Chukchi Sea,<ref Name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xq.html Arctic Ocean] CIA World Factbook. [[30 November]], [[2006]]. Retrieved [[7 December]] [[2006]]. </ref> which provides northern access to the [[Pacific Ocean]] via the [[Bering Strait]] between North America and Russia. The Arctic Ocean also provides the shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia. There are several floating research stations in the Arctic, operated by the U.S. and Russia.
The greatest inflow of water comes from the Atlantic by way of the [[Norwegian Current]], which then flows along the Eurasian coast. Water also enters from the Pacific via the Bering Strait. The [[East Greenland Current]] carries the major outflow.
Ice covers most of the ocean surface year-round, causing subfreezing temperatures much of the time. The Arctic is a major source of very cold air that inevitably moves toward the [[equator]], meeting with warmer air in the middle [[latitude]]s and causing [[rain]] and [[snow]]. Marine life abounds in open areas, especially the more southerly waters. The ocean's major ports are the [[Russia]]n cities of [[Murmansk]] and [[Arkhangelsk]], [[Churchill, Manitoba]] (Canada) and [[Prudhoe Bay, Alaska]] (US).<ref Name=CIA/>
The Arctic Ocean is encompassed by the [[Arctic shelves]], of which the largest (actually, the largest on the [[Earth]]) is the [[Siberian Shelf]].
== History ==
[[Image:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld målad av Georg von Rosen 1886.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Painting (1886) of [[Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld]] during his exploration of Arctic regions. Georg von Rosen (1843 - 1923)]]
{{further|[[Open Polar Sea]]}}
{{further|[[Northwest Passage]]}}
For much of Western history, the geography of the North Polar regions remained largely unexplored and conjectural. [[Pytheas|Pytheas of Massalia]] recorded an account of a journey northward in 325 B.C. to a land he called "Eschate Thule," where the sun only set for three hours each day and the water was replaced by a congealed substance "on which one can neither walk nor sail." He was probably describing loose sea ice known today as "growlers" and "bergy bits." His "Thule" may have been Iceland, though Norway is more often suggested.<ref>[http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/pytheas.html Pytheas] Andre Engels. Retrieved [[16 December]] [[2006]]. </ref>
Early cartographers were unsure whether to draw the region around the Pole as land (as in [[Johannes Ruysch]]'s [[:Image:Ruysch map.jpg|map of 1507]], or [[Gerardus Mercator]]'s [[:Image:Septentrionalium Gerard Mercator 1595.jpg|map of 1595]]) or water (as with [[Martin Waldseemüller]]'s [[:Image:UniversalisCosmographia.jpg|world map of 1507]]). The fervent desire of Europeans for a northern passage to "Cathay" ([[China]]) caused water to win out, and by 1723 mapmakers such as [[Johann Homann]] featured an extensive "Oceanus Septentrionalis" at the northerm edge of their charts. The few expeditions to penetrate much beyond the Arctic Circle in this era added only small islands, such as [[Nova Zemlya]] (11th century) and [[Spitsbergen]] (1596), though since these were often surrounded by pack-ice their northern limits were not so clear. The makers of navigational charts, more conservative than some of the more fanciful cartographers, tended to leave the region blank, with only the bits of known coastline sketched in.
[[Image:Wilkins arctic expedition 1926.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Arctic expedition of [[George Hubert Wilkins]] (1888-1958), 1926 (Detroit Arctic Expedition)]]
This lack of knowledge of what lay north of the shifting barrier of ice gave rise to a number of conjectures. In England and other European nations, the myth of an "Open Polar Sea" was long-lived and persistent. [[John Barrow]], longtime Second Secretary of the [[United Kingdom|British]] Admiralty, made this belief the cornerstone of his campaign of [[Polar exploration|Arctic exploration]] from 1818 to 1845. In the [[United States]] in the 1850s and '60s, the explorers [[Elisha Kent Kane]] and [[Isaac Israel Hayes]] both claimed to have seen the outskirts of this elusive body of water. Even quite late in the century, the eminent authority [[Matthew Fontaine Maury]] included a description of the Open Polar Sea in his textbook The Physical Geography of the Sea (1883). Nevertheless, as all the explorers who trekked closer and closer to the pole reported, the Polar Ice Cap was ultimately quite thick, and persists year-round.
[[Fridtjof Nansen]] was the first to make a naval crossing of the Arctic Ocean in 1896. The first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean was led by [[Wally Herbert]] in 1969, in a [[dog sled]] expedition from [[Alaska]] to [[Svalbard]] with air support.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Since 1937 [[Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations]] extensively monitored the Arctic Ocean. Scientific settlements were established on the [[drift ice]] and carried thousands of kilometers by ice floes.<ref>[http://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre/history/history_drifting.html North Pole drifting stations (1930s-1980s)]</ref>
== Climate ==
{| align="right" width="300"
|-
| colspan=2 | ''The images compare late summer and late winter ice cover, averaged between the years 1978 and 2002.''<ref>[http://nsidc.org/sotc/sea_ice.html What sensors on satellites are telling us about sea ice] [[2007-01-31]], The National Snow and Ice Data Center. Retrieved [[2007-04-07]].</ref>
|-
| [[Image:North pole february ice-pack 1978-2002.png|thumb|150px|Extent of Arctic ice-pack, '''Feb''', (1978-2002)]]
| [[Image:North pole september ice-pack 1978-2002.png|thumb|150px|Extent of Arctic ice-pack, '''Sept''', (1978-2002)]]
|}
The ocean is contained in a [[polar climate]] characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges. Winters are characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers are characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow.
The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater, slightly below zero degrees Celsius. In the winter the relatively warm ocean water exerts a moderating influence, even when covered by ice. This is one reason why the Arctic does not experience the extremes of temperature seen on the [[Antarctica|Antarctic continent]].
There is considerable seasonal variation in how much [[pack ice]] of the [[Arctic ice pack]] covers the Arctic Ocean. Much of the ocean is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year. The maximum snow cover is in March or April — about 20 to 50 centimeters (8 to 20 in) over the frozen ocean.
== Natural resources ==
''See also [[Territorial claims in the Arctic]]''
[[Petroleum]] and gas fields, [[placer deposit]]s, [[polymetallic nodules]], sand and gravel aggregates, [[fish]], [[Seal (mammal)|seals]] and [[whale]]s can all be found in abundance in the region.<ref Name=CIA/>
The political dead zone near the center of the sea is also at the center of a mounting dispute between the United States, Russia, [[Canada]], [[Norway]], and [[Denmark]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4354036.stm#map The Arctic's New Gold Rush - BBC]</ref> It is considered significant because of its potential to contain as much as or more than a quarter of the world's undiscovered oil and gas resources, the tapping of which could greatly alter the flow of the global energy market.<ref>[http://www.oxfordenergy.org/pdfs/comment_0807-3.pdf The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons], by Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff and Timothy Fenton Krysiek, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, August 2007</ref>
== Natural hazards ==
Ice islands occasionally break away from northern [[Ellesmere Island]], and icebergs are formed from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada. [[Permafrost]] is found on most islands. The ocean is virtually ice locked from October to June, and ships are subject to superstructure icing from October to May.<ref Name=CIA/> Before the advent of modern [[icebreaker]]s, ships sailing the Arctic Ocean risked being trapped or crushed by [[sea ice]]. Interestingly, two "[[ghost ships]]", the ''[[Baychimo]]'' and the ''[[Octavius (ship)|Octavius]]'', drifted through the Arctic Ocean untended for decades despite these hazards.
== Animal and plant life==
[[Image:Polar bears near north pole.jpg|thumb|right|Arctic [[Polar bears]]]]
Endangered marine species include [[walrus]]es and whales.<ref Name=CIA/> The area has a fragile [[ecosystem]] which is slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage.<ref Name=CIA/>
The Arctic Ocean has relatively little plant life except for [[phytoplankton]]. Phytoplankton are a crucial part of the ocean and there are massive amounts of them in the Arctic. Nutrients from rivers and the currents of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans provide food for the Arctic phytoplankton.<ref Name=NOAA>[http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02arctic/background/physical/physical.html Physical Nutrients and Primary Productivity] Professor Terry Whiteledge. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved [[7 December]] [[2006]]. </ref> During summer, the sun is out day and night, thus enabling the phytoplankton to [[Photosynthesis|photosynthesize]] for long periods of time and reproduce quickly. However, the reverse is true in winter where they struggle to get enough light to survive.<ref Name=NOAA/>
== Environmental concerns ==
{| align="right"
|-
| [[Image:NASA seaice 2005 lg.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Record minimum extent of Arctic sea ice, September 2005]]
| [[Image:SeaIce 2002-05 cmp 1979-2000.png|thumb|180px|Decline of summer Arctic ice from 1979-2000 to 2002-05.<ref>[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17047 Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005] Robert Simmon, [[Earth Observatory]], and Walt Meier, [[NSIDC]]. Retrieved [[7 December]] [[2006]]. </ref>]]
|}
{{main|Arctic shrinkage}}
The [[polar ice packs|polar ice pack]] is thinning, and there is a seasonal hole in [[ozone depletion|ozone layer]] in many years. <ref>[http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Linking_Today_into_Tomorrow-WS4D339983-1_En.htm] </ref>
Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice will have an effect on the planet's [[albedo]], thus possibly affecting [[global warming]] within a positive feedback mechanism.<ref Name="R.Black">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4315968.stm Earth - melting in the heat?] Richard Black, [[7 October]] [[2005]]. BBC News. Retrieved [[7 December]] [[2006]]. </ref> Many scientists are presently concerned that warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the North Atlantic, possibly disrupting global [[thermohaline circulation|ocean current patterns]]. Potentially severe changes in the Earth's climate might then ensue.<ref Name="R.Black"/>
Other environmental concerns relate to the [[radioactive contamination]] of the Arctic Ocean from, for example, [[Russia]]n radioactive waste dumpsites in the [[Kara Sea]]<ref>[http://bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/nuke_industry/siberia/mayak/21636 400 million cubic meters of radioactive waste threaten the Arctic area] Thomas Nilsen, Bellona, [[24 August]] [[2001]]. Retrieved [[7 December]] [[2006]]. </ref> and [[Cold War]] nuclear test sites such as [[Novaya Zemlya]].<ref>[http://www.gso.uri.edu/maritimes/Text_Only/00Summer/text/arctic.html Plutonium in the Russian Arctic, or How We Learned to Love the Bomb] Bradley Moran, John N. Smith. Retrieved [[7 December]] [[2006]]. </ref>
==Major ports and harbors==
[[Image:Arctic Ocean Seaports.png|thumb|250px|Arctic Ocean ports]]
*[[Churchill, Manitoba]], [[Canada]]<ref Name=CIA/>
*[[Inuvik]], Canada
*[[Prudhoe Bay, Alaska]], [[United States]]<ref Name=CIA/>
*[[Barrow, Alaska]], United States
*[[Pevek]], [[Russia]]
*[[Tiksi]], Russia
*[[Dikson (urban-type settlement)|Dikson]], Russia
*[[Dudinka]], Russia
*[[Murmansk]], Russia<ref Name=CIA/>
*[[Arkhangelsk]], Russia
*[[Kirkenes]], [[Norway]]
*[[Vardø]], Norway
*[[Longyearbyen]], [[Spitsbergen]], Norway
==See also==
* [[Arctic Char]]
* [[Arctic Tern]]
* [[Extreme points of the Arctic]]
* [[International Arctic Science Committee]]
* [[Nordicity]]
* [[North Pole]]
* [[North Atlantic Current]]
* [[USS O-12 (SS-73)]]
* [[Subarctic]]
* [[Vilhjalmur Stefansson]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Neatby, Leslie H., ''Discovery in Russian and Siberian Waters'' 1973 ISBN 0-8214-0124-6
* Ray, L., and bacon, B., eds., ''The Arctic Ocean'' 1982 ISBN 0-333-31017-9
* Thorén, Ragnar V. A., ''Picture Atlas of the Arctic'' 1969 ISBN 0-8214-0124-6
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{wikisource|CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Arctic Ocean}}
* [http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/05arctic/welcome.html The Hidden Ocean Arctic 2005] Daily logs, photos and video from exploration mission.
* [http://www.whoi.edu/imageOfDay.do Oceanography Image of the Day], from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
* [http://www.arctic-council.org Arctic Council]
* [http://www.northernforum.org The Northern Forum]
* [http://vitalgraphics.grida.no/arcticmap Arctic Environmental Atlas] Interactive map
* [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov NOAA Arctic Theme Page]
* [http://dapper.pmel.noaa.gov/dchart/ NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer] Plot and download ocean observations
*{{CIA World Factbook link|xq|Arctic Ocean}}
* [http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0060.html Daily Arctic Ocean Rawinsonde Data from Soviet Drifting Ice Stations (1954-1990)] at [[NSIDC]]
* [http://www.unaami.noaa.gov Arctic time series: The Unaami Data collection]
* [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/gallery_np.html NOAA North Pole Web Cam] Images from Web Cams deployed in spring on an ice floe
* [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/gallery_np_weatherdata.html NOAA Near-realtime North Pole Weather Data] Data from instruments deployed on an ice floe
* [http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,63980,00.html ''Search for Arctic Life Heats Up'' by Stephen Leahy]
* [http://www.polarfoundation.org/ International Polar Foundation]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=846342022276396533&q=north+pole Video of scientists on sea ice at the North Pole as it begins to crack underfoot]
{{coor title d|90|N|0|E|type:waterbody_scale:50000000}}
[[Category:Extreme points of the world]]
[[Category:Arctic Ocean| ]]
[[af:Arktiese Oseaan]]
[[ang:Īshæf]]
[[ar:محيط متجمد شمالي]]
[[an:Ozián Artico]]
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[[az:Şimal Buzlu Okeanı]]
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[[zh-min-nan:Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ]]
[[be-x-old:Арктычны акіян]]
[[bcl:Kadagatan Arktiko]]
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[[br:Meurvor skornek Arktika]]
[[bg:Северен ледовит океан]]
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[[cv:Çурçĕр Пăрлă океан]]
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[[id:Samudra Arktik]]
[[ia:Oceano Arctic]]
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[[it:Mare Glaciale Artico]]
[[he:אוקיינוס הקרח הצפוני]]
[[kn:ಆರ್ಕ್ಟಿಕ್ ಮಹಾಸಾಗರ]]
[[ka:ჩრდილოეთის ყინულოვანი ოკეანე]]
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[[ku:Okyanûsa Arktîk]]
[[la:Oceanus Arcticus]]
[[lv:Ziemeļu Ledus okeāns]]
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