{{Citations missing|date=July 2007}}
{{Otheruses1|the U.S. State}}
{{US state |
Name = Arkansas |
Fullname = State of Arkansas |
Flag = Flag of Arkansas.svg |
Flaglink = [[Flag of Arkansas]] |
Seal = Arkansasstateseal.jpg |
Map = Map of USA AR.svg |
Nickname = The Natural State (current), <br> The Land of Opportunity (former)|
Motto = [[Regnat populus|Regnat Populus (The People Rule)]] |
Capital = [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] |
OfficialLang = [[English language|English]] |
LargestCity = [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] |
LargestMetro = [[Little Rock-North Little Rock metropolitan area|Little Rock Metropolitan Area ]]|
Governor = [[Mike Beebe]] (D)|
Senators = [[Blanche Lincoln]] (D)<br/>[[Mark Pryor]] (D) |
PostalAbbreviation = AR |
TradAbbreviation = Ark. |
AreaRank = 29<sup>th</sup> |
TotalArea = 137,002|
TotalAreaUS = 53,179 |
LandArea = 134,856 |
LandAreaUS = 52,068 |
WaterArea = 2876 |
WaterAreaUS = 1,110 |
PCWater = 2.09 |
PopRank = 32<sup>nd</sup> |
2000Pop = 2,673,400 |
Median Income = $24,375 (50th) |
DensityRank = 34<sup>th</sup> |
2000Density = 19.82 |
2000DensityUS = 51.34 |
AdmittanceOrder = 25<sup>th</sup> |
AdmittanceDate = [[June 15]], [[1836]] |
TimeZone = [[Central Standard Time Zone|Central]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-6/[[Daylight saving time|DST]]-5 |
Latitude = 33°&#8202;00′ N to 36°&#8202;30′ N |
Longitude = 89°&#8202;39′ W to 94°&#8202;37′ W |
Width = 385 |
WidthUS = 239 |
Length = 420 |
LengthUS = 261 |
HighestPoint = [[Mount Magazine]]<ref name=usgs>{{cite web| year =[[29 April]] [[2005]] | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessmonthday = [[November 3]] | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> |
HighestElev = 840 |
HighestElevUS = 2,753 |
MeanElev = 198 |
MeanElevUS = 650 |
LowestPoint = [[Ouachita River]]<ref name=usgs/> |
LowestElev = 17 |
LowestElevUS = 55 |
ISOCode = US-AR |
TradAbbrev = Ark |
Website = www.arkansas.gov
}}
'''Arkansas''' ({{IPAEng|ˈɑɹkn̩ˌsɑː}}) (are-can-saw) is a [[U.S. state|state]] located in the [[Southern United States|southern region]] of the [[United States of America]]. Arkansas shares a border with six states, with its eastern border largely defined by the [[Mississippi River]]. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the [[The Ozarks|Ozarks]] and the [[Ouachita Mountains]], which make up the [[U.S. Interior Highlands]], to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. The capital and most populous city is [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], located in the central portion of the state. Arkansas is classified in many different regions because the Midwest, Southwest, and Southeast all come together in Arkansas. North Arkansas is more akin to the southern Midwest. Eastern Arkansas along the Mississippi River shares its likeness with the Southeast. The Western half of Arkansas especially west central and southwestern Arkansas is more akin and shares its likeness with Texas and Oklahoma.

The name ''Arkansas'' derives from the same root as the name for the State of [[Kansas]]. The Kansas tribe of American Indians are closely associated with the [[Sioux]] tribes. The word is a [[French language|French]] pronunciation of a [[Quapaw]] (a related "Kaw" tribe) word meaning "land of downriver people" or "people of the south wind". The pronunciation of Arkansas (ar-kan-saw) was made official by an act of the state legislature in 1881 after a dispute between the two U.S. Senators from Arkansas. One wanted to pronounce the word ar-kan-sas and the other wanted ar-kan-saw.<ref name="Arkansas">The name Arkansas has been pronounced and spelled in a variety of fashions. The region was organized as the [[Territory of Arkansaw]] on July 4, 1819, but the territory was admitted to the [[United States|Union]] as the [[State of Arkansas]] on June 15, 1836. The name was historically {{pronEng|ˈɑrkənsɔː/, /ærˈkænzəs}}, and several other variants. In 1881, the [[Arkansas General Assembly]] passed the following concurrent resolution (Arkansas Statutes, Title 1, Chapter 4, Section 105):
<blockquote>Whereas, confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings.</blockquote>
<blockquote>And, whereas, the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock, which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history, and the early usage of the American immigrants.</blockquote>
<blockquote>Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly, that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French from the native Indians and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound. It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables, with the final "s" silent, the "a" in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables. The pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of "a" in "man" and the sounding of the terminal "s" is an innovation to be discouraged.</blockquote>
Citizens of the [[State of Kansas]] often pronounce the [[Arkansas River]] as {{IPAEng|ærˈkænzəs ˈrɪvər}} in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state.</ref>

==Geography==
{{seealso|List of Arkansas counties|List of cities in Arkansas|List of Arkansas townships|List of Arkansas native plants}}

The [[Mississippi River]] forms most of Arkansas's eastern border, except in [[Clay County, Arkansas|Clay]] and [[Greene County, Arkansas|Greene]] counties where the [[St. Francis River]] forms the western boundary of the [[Missouri Bootheel]], and in dozens of places where the current channel of the Mississippi has meandered from where it had last been legally specified.<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2546 Arkansas State Boundaries] from the [http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/ Encyclopedia of Arkansas]</ref> Arkansas shares its southern border with [[Louisiana]], its northern border with [[Missouri]], its eastern border with [[Tennessee]] and [[Mississippi]], and its western border with [[Texas]] and [[Oklahoma]].

Arkansas is a land of mountains and valleys, thick forests and fertile plains. Northwest Arkansas is part of the [[Ozark Plateau]] including the [[Boston Mountains]], to the south are the [[Ouachita Mountains]] and these regions are divided by the [[Arkansas River]]; the southern and eastern parts of Arkansas are called the Lowlands. All of these mountains ranges are part of the [[U.S. Interior Highlands]] region, the only major mountainous region between the [[Rocky Mountains]] and the [[Appalachian Mountains]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/4106/about/HotSpringsOffice.htm | title= Managing Upland Forests of the Midsouth| publisher= United States Forestry Service | accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://tapestry.usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html| title= A Tapestry of Time and Terrain: The Union of Two Maps - Geology and Topography| publisher= United States Geological Survey | accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref> The highest point in the state is [[Magazine Mountain]] in the [[Ouachita Mountains]]; it rises to 2,753 feet above sea level.

The so-called Lowlands are better known by names of their two regions, the Delta and the Grand Prairie. The [[Arkansas Delta]] is a flat landscape of [[River delta|rich alluvial soils formed by repeated flooding]] of the adjacent Mississippi. Further away from the river, in the southeast portion of the state, the Grand Prairie consists of a more undulating landscape. Both are fertile agricultural areas.

The Delta region is bisected by an unusual geological formation known as [[Crowley's Ridge]]. A narrow band of rolling hills, Crowley's Ridge rises from 250 to 500 feet above the surrounding alluvial plain and underlies many of the major towns of eastern Arkansas.

[[Image:BuffaloRiver.jpg|right|thumb|[[Buffalo National River]], one of many attractions that give the state's nickname ''The Natural State''.]]
Arkansas is home to many [[List of caves in Arkansas|caves]], such as [[Blanchard Springs Caverns]].
It is also the first U.S. state in which [[diamond]]s were found<ref>http://www.craterofdiamondsstatepark.com/history/</ref> (near [[Murfreesboro, Arkansas|Murfreesboro]]).

Arkansas is home to many areas protected by the [[National Park System]]. These include:
*[[Arkansas Post National Memorial]] at [[Gillett, Arkansas|Gillett]]
*[[Buffalo National River]]
*[[Fort Smith National Historic Site]]
*[[Hot Springs National Park]]
*[[Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site]]
*[[Pea Ridge National Military Park]]

The [[Trail of Tears]] National Historic Trail also runs through Arkansas.

===Climate===
Arkansas generally has a [[humid subtropical climate]], which borders on [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] in some northern highland areas. While not bordering the [[Gulf of Mexico]], Arkansas is still close enough to this warm, large body of water for it to be the main weather influence in the state. Generally, Arkansas has very hot, humid summers and mild, slightly drier winters. In Little Rock, the daily high temperatures average around 90 °F (32 °C) in the summer and close to 50 °F (10 °C) in winter. Annual precipitation throughout the state averages between about 40 and 60 inches (1,000 to 1,500 mm); somewhat wetter in the south and drier in the northern part of the state.<ref>[http://www.ocs.orst.edu/pub/maps/Precipitation/Total/States/AR/ar.gif Average Annual Precipitation - Arkansas]. Spatial Climate Analysis Service, [[Oregon State University]]. Published 2000. Last Retrieved [[2007-10-26]].</ref> Snowfall is not uncommon, but certainly not excessive in most years as the average snowfall is around 5 inches (13 cm).<ref name="avgsnf.txt"> [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/avgsnf.txt] NCDC at NOAA. </ref>

Despite its subtropical climate, Arkansas is known for occasional extreme weather. Between both the [[Great Plains]] and the [[Gulf States]], Arkansas receives around 60 days of thunderstorms. As a part of [[Tornado Alley]], tornadoes are not an uncommon occurrence in Arkansas, and a few of the most destructive tornadoes in U.S. history have struck the state. While being sufficiently away from the coast to be safe from a direct hit from a hurricane, Arkansas can often get the remnants of a [[tropical cyclone|tropical system]] which dumps tremendous amounts of rain in a short time and often spawns smaller tornadoes.

{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Arkansas Cities
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color: #000000" height="17" | City
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jan
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Feb
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Mar
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Apr
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | May
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jun
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jul
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Aug
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Sep
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Oct
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Nov
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Dec
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Fort Smith
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 48/28
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 55/33
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 64/41
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 73/49
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 80/59
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 88/67
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 93/71
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 93/70
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 85/63
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 75/50
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 61/40
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 51/31
|-
! style="background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Little Rock
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 50/31
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 56/35
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 64/43
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 73/50
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 81/59
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 89/68
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 93/72
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 92/70
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 85/64
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 75/52
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 62/42
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 52/34
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E8EAFA;"|''[http://www.ustravelweather.com/weather-arkansas/]''
|}

==History==
<!-- This section is linked from [[List of capitals in the United States]] -->
:''See main article [[History of Arkansas]].''

The first European to reach Arkansas was the [[Spain|Spanish]] explorer [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Soto]] at the end of the 16th century. Arkansas is one of several [[U.S. states]] formed from the territory purchased from [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] in the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. The early Spanish or French explorers of the state gave it its name, which is probably a phonetic spelling for the [[Illinois language|Illinois]] word for the [[Quapaw]] people, who lived downriver from them <ref>http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0302b&L=ads-l&P=7800</ref>. Other [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] nations that lived in Arkansas prior to westward movement were the Quapaw, [[Caddo]], and [[Osage]] nations. While moving westward, the [[Five Civilized Tribes]] inhabited Arkansas during its territorial period.

The [[Territory of Arkansaw]]<ref name="Arkansas"/> was organized on July 4, 1819, and on June 15, 1836, the State of Arkansas was admitted to the [[United States|Union]] as the 25th [[U.S. state|state]] and the 13th [[slave state]].

Arkansas played a key role in aiding Texas in its war for independence with Mexico, sending troops and materials to Texas to help fight the war. The proximity of the city of [[Washington, Arkansas|Washington]] to the Texas border involved the town in the [[Texas Revolution]] of 1835-36. Some evidence suggests [[Sam Houston]] and his compatriots planned the revolt in a tavern at Washington in 1834.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkansasmediaroom.com/news-releases/listings/display.asp?id=165|title=Old Washington State Park Conserves Town's Heyday|first=Jim|last=Taylor}}</ref> When the fighting began a stream of volunteers from Arkansas and the eastern states flowed through the town toward the Texas battle fields.

When the [[Mexican-American War]] began in 1846, Washington became a rendezvous for volunteer troops. Governor Thomas S. Drew issued a proclamation calling on the state to furnish one regiment of cavalry and one battalion of infantry to join the United States Army. Ten companies of men assembled here where they were formed into the first Regiment of Arkansas Cavalry.

Arkansas refused to join the [[Confederate States of America]] until after [[United States President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] called for troops to respond to the attack on [[Fort Sumter]], [[South Carolina]], by Confederate forces. The State of Arkansas seceded from the [[United States|Union]] on May 6, 1861. While not often cited in history, the state was the scene of numerous small-scale battles during the [[American Civil War]]. Arkansans of note during the Civil War include Confederate Major General [[Patrick Cleburne]]. Considered by many to be one of the most brilliant Confederate division commanders of the war, Cleburne is often referred to as The Stonewall of the West. Also of note is Major General [[Thomas C. Hindman]]. A former United States Representative, Hindman commanded Confederate forces at the [[Battle of Cane Hill]] and [[Battle of Prairie Grove]].

Under the [[Reconstruction#Military reconstruction|Military Reconstruction Act]], Congress readmitted Arkansas in June 1868.

In 1874, the [[Brooks-Baxter War]] shook Little Rock and the state governorship which was finally settled when Grant ordered that Joseph Brooks disperse his militant supporters<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2276 |title=Brooks-Baxter War - Encyclopedia of Arkansas |accessdate=2007-08-24}}</ref>.

In 1881, the Arkansas state legislature enacted a bill that adopted an official pronunciation, to combat a controversy then raging around the proper pronunciation of the state's name. (See Law and Government below).

In 1905-1911, Arkansas began to receive a small migration of [[Germans|German]], [[Slovaks|Slovak]], and [[Irish people|Irish]] immigrants. The German and Slovak peoples settled in eastern part of the state, known as the [[Prairie]], and the Irish found small communities in the southeast part of the state. The German and Slovak's that settled the areas were all [[Roman Catholic]] families. The Irish were usually [[protestant]] of only one or two persons of a certain family from [[Ulster]], [[Ireland]].

After the case [[Brown v. Topeka Board of Education]] in 1957, the [[Little Rock Nine]] incident again brought Arkansas to national attention when the Federal government was forced to again interfere in the Arkansan capital. [[Orval Faubus]], governor at the time, sent the [[Arkansas National Guard]] to aid segregationists in preventing nine African American students from enrolling at Little Rock's Central High School. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], after attempting to contact Orval Faubus 3 times, sent 1000 paratroops to escort the African American students on [[September 25]], [[1957]]. This incident eventually led to the closing of Little Rock high schools for the rest of the school year. The Little Rock high schools were completely integrated by the fall of 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1&entryID=723 |title=Little Rock Nine - Encyclopedia of Arkansas |accessdate=2007-08-24}}</ref>

[[Bill Clinton]], the 42nd [[President of the United States]], was born in [[Hope, Arkansas]]. Before his presidency, Clinton served nearly twelve years as the 50th and 52nd [[Governor]] of Arkansas.

Other famous people born in Arkansas include Johnny Cash.

==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
|1810 = 1062
|1820 = 14273
|1830 = 30388
|1840 = 97574
|1850 = 209897
|1860 = 435450
|1870 = 484471
|1880 = 802525
|1890 = 1128211
|1900 = 1311564
|1910 = 1574449
|1920 = 1752204
|1930 = 1854482
|1940 = 1949387
|1950 = 1909511
|1960 = 1786272
|1970 = 1923295
|1980 = 2286435
|1990 = 2350725
|2000 = 2673400
|estyear = 2006
|estimate = 2810872
}}

As of 2006, Arkansas has an estimated population of 2,810,872,<ref name=stateest>{{cite web | year = [[June 21]] [[2006]] | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2005-01.csv | title = Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States and States, and for Puerto Rico: [[April 1]], [[2000]] to [[July 1]], [[2005]]|format = [[Comma-separated values|CSV]] | work = 2005 Population Estimates | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division | accessmonthday = [[November 15]] | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> which is an increase of 29,154, or 1.1%, from the prior year and an increase of 105,756, or 4.0%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 52,214 people (that is 198,800 births minus 146,586 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 57,611 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 21,947 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 35,664 people. It is estimated that about 48.8% is male, and 51.2% is female. From 2000 through 2006 Arkansas has had a population growth of 5.1% or 137,472 http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/05000.html.

The [[center of population]] of Arkansas is located in the far northeast corner of [[Perry County, Arkansas|Perry County]] <ref>http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt</ref>.

{{US Demographics}}
The five largest ancestry groups in the state are: [[United States|American]] (15.9%), [[African American]] (15.7%), [[Irish people|Irish]] (9.5%), [[German-American|German]] (9.3%), [[English people|English]] (7.9%).

People of European ancestry have a strong presence in the northwestern Ozarks and the central part of the state. African Americans live mainly in the fertile southern and eastern parts of the state. Arkansans of Irish, English and German ancestry are mostly found in the far northwestern Ozarks near the Missouri border.

As of 2000, 95.07% of Arkansas residents age 5 and older speak [[English language|English]] at home and 3.31% speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. [[German language|German]] is the third most spoken language at 0.299%, followed by [[French language|French]] at 0.291% and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] at 0.13% <ref>http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=5&mode=state_tops&order=r</ref>.


In 2006, Arkansas has a larger percentage of tobacco smokers than the national average, with 24% of adults smoking.<ref> [http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/StateSystem/stateSystem.aspx?selectedTopic=100&selectedMeasure=1000&dir=epi_report&ucName=UCSummary&year=2006&excel=htmlTable&submitBk=y CDC's STATE System - State Comparison Report Cigarette Use (Adults) – BRFSS] for 2006, lists the state as having 23.7% smokers. The national average is 20.8% according to [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5644a2.htm Cigarette Smoking Among Adults --- United States, 2006] article in the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.</ref>

===Religion===
Arkansas, like most other Southern states, is part of the [[Bible Belt]] and is predominantly Protestant. The religious affiliations of the people are as follows:<ref>[http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm American Religious Identification Survey, 2001]</ref>
[[Image:Arkansas population map.png|thumb|right|200px|Arkansas Population Density Map]]
*[[Christianity|Christian]] &ndash; 86%
**[[Protestant]] &ndash; 78%
***[[Baptist]] &ndash; 39%
***[[Methodist]] &ndash; 9%
***[[Pentecostal]] &ndash; 6%
***[[Church of Christ]] &ndash; 6%
***[[Assemblies of God]] &ndash; 3%
***Other Protestant &ndash; 15%
**[[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Roman Catholic]] &ndash; 7%
**[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] &ndash; <1%
**Other Christian &ndash; <1%
*Other Religions &ndash; <1%
*Non-Religious &ndash; 14%

==Economy==
[[Image:2003 AR Proof.png|thumb|left|The quarter for Arkansas from the 50 State Quarters program. Released [[October 20]] [[2003]].]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Littlerockskyline.jpg|thumb|right|[[Little Rock]] city center.]] -->
The state's gross domestic product for 2005 was $87 billion. Its per capita household median income (in current dollars) for 2006 was $35,295, according to the U.S. Census Bureau <ref>[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/05000.html Arkansas QuickFacts] from the US Census Bureau</ref>. The state's agriculture outputs are poultry and eggs, soybeans, sorghum, cattle, cotton, rice, hogs, and milk. Its industrial outputs are food processing, electric equipment, fabricated metal products, machinery, paper products, bromine, and vanadium.

Several global companies are headquartered in the Northwest corner of Arkansas, including [[Wal-Mart]] (the world's largest public corporation by revenue in 2007<ref name="2007-Fortune-Global-500">Staff Writer. "[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2007/ Fortune Global 500]." ''[[CNN]]/[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]].'' 2007. Retrieved on [[November 8]], [[2007]].</ref>), [[J.B. Hunt]] and [[Tyson Foods]]. This area of the state has experienced an economic boom since the 1970s as a result.

In recent years, [[automobile]] parts manufacturers have opened factories in eastern Arkansas to support auto plants in other states. Additionally, the city of [[Conway, Arkansas|Conway]] is the site of a school bus factory.

Tourism is also very important to the Arkansas economy; the official state nickname "The Natural State" was originally created (as "Arkansas Is A Natural") for state tourism advertising in the 1970s, and is still regularly used to this day.

According to Forbes.com [http://www.forbes.com/2007/07/10/washington-virginia-utah-biz-cz_kb_0711bizstates-table.html] Arkansas currently ranks 21st for The Best States for Business, 9th for Business Cost, 40th for Labor, 22nd for Regulatory Environment, 17th for Economic Climate, 9th for Growth Prospects, 34th in Gross Domestic Product, and positive economic change of 3.8% or ranked 22nd.

===Taxation===
[[Image:Map of Arkansas.png|250px|frame|right|A map of Arkansas with county boundaries drawn]]
Arkansas imposes a [[state income tax]] with six brackets, ranging from 1.0% to 7.0%. The first $9,000 of military pay of enlisted personnel is exempt from Arkansas tax; officers do not have to pay state income tax on the first $6,000 of their military pay. Retirees pay no tax on [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]], or on the first $6,000 in gain on their pensions (in addition to recovery of [[cost basis]]). Residents of [[Texarkana, Arkansas]] are exempt from Arkansas income tax; wages and business income earned there by residents of [[Texarkana, Texas]] are also exempt. Arkansas's gross receipts ([[sales tax|sales]]) tax and compensating ([[use tax|use]]) tax rate is currently 6%. The state has also mandated that various services be subject to sales tax collection. They include wrecker and towing services; dry cleaning and laundry; body piercing, tattooing and electrolysis; pest control; security and alarm monitoring; self-storage facilities; boat storage and docking; and pet grooming and kennel services.

In addition to the state sales tax, there are more than 300 [[local tax]]es in Arkansas. Cities and counties have the authority to enact additional local sales and use taxes if they are passed by the voters in their area. These local taxes have a ceiling or cap; they cannot exceed $25 for each 1% of tax assessed. These additional taxes are collected by the state, which distributes the money back to the local jurisdictions monthly. Low-income taxpayers with a total annual household income of less than $12,000 are permitted a sales [[tax exemption]] for [[electricity]] usage.

Sales of [[alcoholic beverage]]s account for added taxes. A 10% supplemental mixed drink tax is imposed on the sale of alcoholic beverages (excluding [[beer]]) at [[restaurant]]s. A 4% tax is due on the sale of all [[mixed drink]]s (except beer and [[wine]]) sold for "on-premises" consumption. And a 3% tax is due on beer sold for off-premises consumption.

[[Property tax]]es are assessed on real and personal property; only 20% of the value is used as the tax base.

==Transportation==
[[Image:Ar welcome.jpg|thumb|right|Arkansas welcome sign on Interstate 40]]
===Highways===
{{main|List of highways in Arkansas}}

===Airports===
[[Little Rock National Airport]] (Adams Field) and [[Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport]] in [[Highfill, Arkansas|Highfill]] in [[Benton County, Arkansas|Benton County]] are Arkansas's main air terminals. Limited passenger service is available at smaller airports in [[Fort Smith Regional Airport|Fort Smith]], [[Texarkana Regional Airport|Texarkana]], [[Pine Bluff, Arkansas|Pine Bluff]], [[Harrison, Arkansas|Harrison]], [[Ozark Regional Airport|Ozark Regional Airport Mountain Home]], [[Hot Springs, Arkansas|Hot Springs]], [[El Dorado, Arkansas|El Dorado]] and [[Jonesboro, Arkansas|Jonesboro]]. Many air travelers in eastern Arkansas use [[Memphis International Airport]].

===Rail===
[[Amtrak|Amtrak's]] [[Texas Eagle]] makes several stops in Arkansas daily on its run from Chicago to San Antonio and Los Angeles.

==Law and government==

The current [[Governor of Arkansas]] is [[Mike Beebe]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]. He was elected on [[November 7]] [[2006]].

Both of Arkansas's U.S. Senators are Democrats: [[Blanche Lincoln]] and [[Mark Pryor]]. The state has four seats in [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]. Three seats are held by Democrats&mdash;[[Marion Berry]] ([http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/ar01_109.gif map]), [[Vic Snyder]] ([http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/ar02_109.gif map]), and [[Mike Ross]] ([http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/ar04_109.gif map]). The state's lone Republican congressman is [[John Boozman]] ([http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/ar03_109.gif map]).

{| align="left" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ '''Presidential elections results'''
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! Year
! [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''54.31%''' ''572,898
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|44.55% ''469,953
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''51.31%''' ''472,940
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|45.86% ''422,768
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|36.80% ''325,416
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''53.74%''' ''475,171
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1992|1992]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|35.48% ''337,324
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''53.21%''' '' ''505,823
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''56.37%''' ''466,578
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|42.19% ''349,237
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1984|1984]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''60.47%''' ''534,774
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|38.29% ''338,646
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1980|1980]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''48.13%''' ''403,164
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|47.52% ''398,041
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1976|1976]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|34.93% ''268,753
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''64.94%''' ''499,614
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1972|1972]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''68.82%''' ''445,751
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|30.71% ''198,899
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1968|1968]]*
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|31.01% ''189,062
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|30.33% ''184,901
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1964|1964]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|43.41% ''243,264
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''56.06%''' ''314,197
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1960|1960]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|43.06% ''184,508
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''50.19%''' ''215,049
|-
|align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgrey"|*State won by [[George Wallace]]<br>of the [[American Independent Party]],<br>at 38.65%, or 235,627 votes
|}

The Democratic Party holds [[super-majority]] status in the [[Arkansas General Assembly]]. A majority of local and statewide offices are also held by Democrats. This is rare in the modern [[Southern United States|South]], where a majority of statewide offices are held by Republicans. Arkansas had the distinction in 1992 of being the only state in the country to give the majority of its vote to a single candidate in the presidential election—[[native]] [[son]] [[Bill Clinton]]—while every other state's electoral votes were won by pluralities of the vote among the three candidates. In 2004, [[George W. Bush]] won the state of Arkansas by 9 points, leading some to speculate that the state was shifting toward the Republicans. In 2006, however, Democrats were elected to all statewide offices by the voters in a Democratic sweep that included the Arkansas Democratic Party regaining the governorship.

Most Republican strength lies mainly in [[northwest Arkansas]] in the areas around [[Fort Smith, Arkansas|Fort Smith]] and [[Bentonville, Arkansas|Bentonville]], and especially in North Central Arkansas around the [[Mountain Home, Arkansas|Mountain Home]] area where voters have often voted 90 percent Republican. The rest of the state is strongly Democratic, especially [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] and the areas along the [[Mississippi River]]. Arkansas has only elected one Republican to the U.S. Senate since [[Reconstruction]], [[Tim Hutchinson]], who was defeated after one term by [[Mark Pryor]]. The General Assembly has not been controlled by the Republican Party since Reconstruction and is the fourth most heavily Democratic Legislature in the country, after [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts]], [[Hawaii State Legislature|Hawaii]], and [[Connecticut General Assembly|Connecticut]]. Arkansas is also the only state among the states of the former [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] that sends two Democrats to the U.S. Senate and the overwhelming majority of registered voters in the state are Democrats. The state is socially conservative &ndash; its voters passed a ban on [[gay marriage]] with 74% voting yes, the [[Arkansas Constitution]] protects [[right to work]], and the state is one of a handful that has legislation on its books banning [[abortion]] in the event ''[[Roe vs. Wade]]'' is ever overturned.

In Arkansas, the lieutenant governor is elected separately from the governor and thus can be from a different political party.

Each officer's term is four years long. Office holders are [[term-limited]] to two full terms plus any partial terms prior to the first full term. Arkansas gubernatorial terms became four years with the 1986 general election; before this, the terms were two years long.

Some of Arkansas's [[county (United States)|counties]] have two [[county seat]]s, as opposed to the usual one seat. The arrangement dates back to when travel was extremely difficult in the state. The seats are usually on opposite sides of the county. Though travel is no longer the difficulty it once was, there are few efforts to eliminate the two seat arrangement where it exists, since the county seat is a source of pride (and jobs) to the city involved.

Arkansas is the only state to specify the pronunciation of its name by law.<ref name=Arkansas/> This is in response to residents of [[Kansas]] who used to pronounce the state's name as ar-KANSAS.

Article 19 (Miscellaneous Provisions), Item 1 in the [[Arkansas Constitution]] is entitled "Atheists disqualified from holding office or testifying as witness," and states that "No person who denies the being of a God shall hold any office in the civil departments of this State, nor be competent to testify as a witness in any Court," despite unanimous decision by the [[United States Supreme Court]] in [[Torcaso v. Watkins]] (1961) that a similar requirement in [[Maryland]] violated protections under [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First]] and [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth]] Amendments to the Constitution.

{{seealso|List of Arkansas Governors|United States presidential election, 2004}}

==Metropolitan areas==

The [[Little Rock-North Little Rock-Pine Bluff Combined Statistical Area]] had 829,032 people in the 2006 census estimates and is the largest in Arkansas.

The [[Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers metropolitan area]] is increasingly important to the state and its economy. The US Census estimated the population of the MSA to be 420,876 in 2006, up from 347,045 in 2000, making it the sixth fastest growing region in the nation[http://www.censusscope.org/us/metro_rank_popl_growth.html]. It is home to the corporate headquarters of [[Fortune 1000]] companies [[Wal-Mart]], [[Tyson Foods]], and [[J.B. Hunt]], as well as representatives of numerous vendors drawn by Wal-Mart. It is also home to the [[University of Arkansas]] and the [[Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport]].

See also [[Arkansas Metropolitan Areas]].

'''Top 15 Largest Cities in Arkansas'''

1. Little Rock 184,422 Central Arkansas

2. Fort Smith 83,461 Northwest Arkansas

3. Fayetteville 67,158 Northwest Arkansas

4. Springdale 60,096 Northwest Arkansas

5. Jonesboro 59,358 Northeast Arkansas

6. North Little Rock 58,833 Central Arkansas

7. Pine Bluff 52,693 Southeast Arkansas

8. Conway 52,430 Central Arkansas

9. Rogers 48,666 Northwest Arkansas

10.Hot Springs 37,847 Southwest Arkansas

11.Jacksonville 30,367 Central Arkansas

12.Texarkana 30,006 Southwest Arkansas

13.Bentonville 29,538 Northwest Arkansas

14.West Memphis 28,181 Northeast Arkansas

15.Benton 27,700 Central Arkansas

==Important cities and towns==
Names in '''bold''' have populations greater than 20,000.
{|
|-
| valign=top |
*[[Alma, Arkansas|Alma]]
*[[Arkadelphia, Arkansas|Arkadelphia]]
*[[Batesville, Arkansas|Batesville]]
*[[Bella Vista, Arkansas|Bella Vista]]
*'''[[Benton, Arkansas|Benton]]'''
*'''[[Bentonville, Arkansas|Bentonville]]'''
*[[Blytheville, Arkansas|Blytheville]]
*[[Booneville, Arkansas|Booneville]]
*[[Bryant, Arkansas|Bryant]]
*'''[[Cabot, Arkansas|Cabot]]'''
*[[Camden, Arkansas|Camden]]
*'''[[Conway, Arkansas|Conway]]
*'''[[El Dorado, Arkansas|El Dorado]]'''
*[[Eureka Springs, Arkansas|Eureka Springs]]
*'''[[Fayetteville, Arkansas|Fayetteville]]'''
*[[Forrest City, Arkansas|Forrest City]]
*'''[[Fort Smith, Arkansas|Fort Smith]]'''
*[[Harrison, Arkansas|Harrison]]
*[[Helena-West Helena, Arkansas|Helena-West Helena]]
*[[Hope, Arkansas|Hope]]
*'''[[Hot Springs, Arkansas|Hot Springs]]'''
*'''[[Jacksonville, Arkansas|Jacksonville]]'''
*'''[[Jonesboro, Arkansas|Jonesboro]]'''
| valign=top |
*'''[[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]]'''
*[[Lonoke, Arkansas|Lonoke]]
*[[Magnolia, Arkansas|Magnolia]]
*[[Marion, Arkansas|Marion]]
*[[Marked Tree, Arkansas|Marked Tree]]
*[[Maumelle, Arkansas|Maumelle]]
*[[Monticello, Arkansas|Monticello]]
*[[Mountain Home, Arkansas|Mountain Home]]
*[[Mountain View, Arkansas|Mountain View]]
*[[Natural Steps, Arkansas|Natural Steps]]
*[[Newport, Arkansas|Newport]]
*'''[[North Little Rock, Arkansas|North Little Rock]]'''
*[[Osceola, Arkansas|Osceola]]
*'''[[Paragould, Arkansas|Paragould]]'''
*'''[[Pine Bluff, Arkansas|Pine Bluff]]'''
*[[Pleasant Hill, Arkansas|Pleasant Hill]]
*[[Pocahontas, Arkansas|Pocahontas]]
*'''[[Rogers, Arkansas|Rogers]]'''
*'''[[Russellville, Arkansas|Russellville]]'''
*'''[[Searcy, Arkansas|Searcy]]'''
*'''[[Sherwood, Arkansas|Sherwood]]'''
*[[Siloam Springs, Arkansas|Siloam Springs]]
*'''[[Springdale, Arkansas|Springdale]]'''
*[[Stuttgart, Arkansas|Stuttgart]]
*'''[[Texarkana, Arkansas|Texarkana]]'''
*'''[[Van Buren, Arkansas|Van Buren]]'''
*[[Walnut Ridge, Arkansas|Walnut Ridge]]
*[[Warren, Arkansas|Warren]]
*'''[[West Memphis, Arkansas|West Memphis]]'''
*[[Wynne, Arkansas|Wynne]]
|}

==Education==
===Public school districts===
* [[List of school districts in Arkansas]]

===Centers of research===
* [[National Center for Toxicological Research]]

===Colleges and universities===
[[Image:Astate.jpg|thumb|right|[[Arkansas State University]], Jonesboro.]]
*[[Arkansas Baptist College]]
*[[Arkansas State University System]]
**[[Arkansas State University|Arkansas State University - Jonesboro]]
**[[Arkansas State University - Mountain Home]]
*[[Arkansas Tech University]]
*[[Central Baptist College]]
*[[Harding University]]
*[[Henderson State University]]
*[[Hendrix College]]
*[[John Brown University]]
*[[Lyon College]]
*[[Ouachita Baptist University]]
*[[Ozarka College]]
*[[Philander Smith College]]
*[[Southern Arkansas University]]
[[Image:UAMS 2.jpeg|frame|[[UAMS]] is the flagship health education institution of the state.]]
*[[University of Arkansas System]]
**[[University of Arkansas, Fayetteville]]
**[[University of Arkansas at Fort Smith]]
**[[University of Arkansas at Little Rock]]
**[[University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences]]
**[[University of Arkansas at Monticello]]
**[[University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff]]
*[[University of Central Arkansas]]
*[[University of the Ozarks]]
*[[Williams Baptist College]]

==See also==
*[[Arkansas census statistical areas]]
*[[Arkansas literature]]
*[[Arkansas Razorbacks]] and [[Arkansas Ladybacks]]
*[[Arkansas State Police]]
*[[Ivory-billed Woodpecker]], long thought extinct, possibly re-discovered in the Big Woods of Arkansas
*[[List of Arkansas native plants]]
*[[List of people from Arkansas]]
*[[Scouting in Arkansas]]
*[[South Arkansas]]
*[[State symbols in Arkansas]]

==References ==
{{reflist|1}}

==Further reading==
*Blair, Diane D. & Jay Barth ''Arkansas Politics & Government: Do the People Rule?'' (2005)
*Deblack, Thomas A. ''With Fire and Sword: Arkansas, 1861-1874'' (2003)
*Donovan, Timothy P. and Willard B. Gatewood Jr., eds. ''The Governors of Arkansas'' (1981)
*Dougan, Michael B. ''Confederate Arkansas'' (1982),
*Duvall, Leland. ed., ''Arkansas: Colony and State'' (1973)
*Fletcher, John Gould. ''Arkansas'' (1947)
* [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=LCCN04001664&id=dvMZ_YNpYrYC&pg=PP16&lpg=PP16&dq=peter+joseph+hamilton+reconstruction+period Hamilton, Peter Joseph. ''The Reconstruction Period''] (1906), full length history of era; [[Dunning School]] approach; 570 pp; ch 13 on Arkansas
*Hanson, Gerald T. and Carl H. Moneyhon. ''Historical Atlas of Arkansas'' (1992)
*Key, V. O. ''Southern Politics'' (1949)
*Kirk, John A., ''Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940-1970'' (2002).
*McMath, Sidney S. ''Promises Kept'' (2003)
*Moore, Waddy W. ed., ''Arkansas in the Gilded Age, 1874-1900'' (1976).
*Peirce, Neal R. ''The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States'' (1974)
*Thompson, George H. ''Arkansas and Reconstruction'' (1976)
*Whayne, Jeannie M. et al. ''Arkansas: A Narrative History '' (2002)
*Whayne, Jeannie M. ''Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives'' (2000)
*White, Lonnie J. ''Politics on the Southwestern Frontier: Arkansas Territory, 1819-1836'' (1964)
*Williams, C. Fred. ed. ''A Documentary History Of Arkansas'' (2005)
*WPA., ''Arkansas: A Guide to the State'' (1941)

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Arkansas}}
*[http://www.arkansas.gov Official State website]
*[http://www.arkansas.com Official State tourism website]
*[http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/ The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture]
*[http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=AR USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Arkansas]
*[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/05000.html U.S. Census Bureau]
*[http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/data/ar_code.asp Arkansas State Code (the state statutes of Arkansas)]
*[http://www.ers.usda.gov/statefacts/ar.htm Arkansas State Facts]
<br clear=all/>
{{Arkansas|expanded}}
{{United States}}
{{Confederate2}}
{{US South}}
{{coor title d|34.8|N|92.2|W|region:US-AR_type:state}}

[[Category:Arkansas|*]]
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:1836 establishments]]
[[Category:Confederate states (1861-1865)]]

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