{{sprotected2}}
{{Infobox Language
|name = Armenian
|nativename = Հայերեն ''Hayeren''
|familycolor = Indo-European
|states = [[Armenia]], [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] <small>''([[de facto]]'' a republic, de-jure part of [[Azerbaijan]])</small>, and the [[Armenian diaspora]]
|speakers = 7 million
|rank = 87
|nation = [[Armenia]], [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]
|agency = [[Armenian Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences of Armenia]]
|iso1=hy |iso2b=arm |iso2t=hye |iso3=hye
|script = [[Armenian alphabet]]
}}
The '''Armenian language''' ({{lang|hy|հայերեն լեզու}}, {{IPA2|hajɛɹɛn lɛzu}} — ''{{ISOtranslit|hayeren lezow|hy}},'' conventional short form ''{{ISOtranslit|hayeren|hy}})'' is an [[Indo-European language]] spoken by the [[Armenians|Armenian people]]. It is the official language of the [[Armenia|Republic of Armenia]] as well as [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] (a de facto republic but de-jure part of [[Azerbaijan]]). The language is also widely spoken by Armenian communities in the [[Armenian diaspora]].

Linguists standardly classify Armenian as an independent branch of the Indo-European language family.<ref>http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109780/Armenian-language</ref><ref>http://www.worldlanguage.com/Languages/Armenian.htm</ref> Some Indo-Europeanists, notably Clackson (1994), have proposed that Armenian may have been grouped together with the Hellenic branch ([[Greek language|Greek]]). This is called the [[Graeco-Armenian|Graeco-Armenian Hypothesis]], in combination with a [[Graeco-Aryan]] hypothesis ([[Colin Renfrew]], Clackson and Fortson 1994).

==History==
{{History of the Armenian language}}

===Origins===
{{main|Proto-Armenian}}
{{See also|Armenian hypothesis}}
The Armenian language dates to the early period of Indo-European differentiation and dispersion some 5000 years ago, or perhaps as early as 7,800 years ago according to some recent research. <ref>Nicholas Wade, "Biological dig for the roots of language," International Herald Tribune, (March 18, 2004) 10; Gray & Atkinson, "Anatolian Theory of Indo-European origin," 437.</ref>

====Graeco-Armenian hypothesis====
{{main|Graeco-Armenian hypothesis}}
Armenian is regarded by some linguists as a close relative of [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]]. Many scholars such as Clackson (1994) hold that [[Greek language|Greek]] is the most closely related surviving language to Armenian. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial [[laryngeals]] by prothetic vowels is shared by Armenian, which also shares other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek. The close relatedness of Armenian and Greek sheds light on the [[paraphyletic]] nature of the [[Centum-Satem isogloss]]. Armenian also shares major [[isogloss]]es with Greek; some linguists propose that the linguistic ancestors of the Armenians and Greeks were either identical or in a close contact relation. However other linguists including Fortson (2004) comment "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century A.D., the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces."

====Speculations on Anatolian influence====
{{Indo-European topics}}
W. M. Austin in 1942 concluded<ref>{{cite journal
| last =Austin
| first =William M.
| title =Is Armenian an Anatolian Language?:Language, Vol. 18, No. 1
| publisher =Linguistic Society of America
| date =Jan. - Mar., 1942
| pages =22-25
| doi =10.2307/409074}}
</ref> that there was an early contact between Armenian and [[Anatolian languages]], based on what he considered common archaisms, such as the lack of a feminine, the absence of inherited long vowels and the [[centum]] character.

===Iranian influence===
The Classical Armenian language (often referred to as grabar, literally "written (language)") imported numerous words from Middle Iranian languages, primarily [[Parthian language|Parthian]], and contains smaller inventories of borrowings from Greek, Syriac, Latin, and autochthonous languages such as [[Urartian language|Urartian]]. Middle Armenian (11th–15th centuries AD) incorporated further loans from Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Latin, and the modern dialects took in hundreds of additional words from Modern Turkish and Persian. Therefore, determining the historical evolution of Armenian is particularly difficult because Armenian borrowed many words from [[Parthian language|Parthian]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] (both [[Iranian language]]s) as well as from Greek.

The large percentage of loans from Iranian languages initially led linguists to classify Armenian as an Iranian language. The distinctness of Armenian was only recognized when Hübschmann (1875) used the [[comparative method]] to distinguish two layers of Iranian loans from the true Armenian vocabulary. The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in the Russian Empire), removed almost all of their Turkish lexical influences in the 20th century, primarily following the [[Armenian Genocide]].

==Phonology==
=== Vowels ===
{{Armenians}}
Modern Armenian has eight monophthong vowel sounds.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan=2| [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan=2| [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!|| [[unrounded vowel|Unrounded]] || [[rounded vowel|Rounded]] || [[unrounded vowel|Unrounded]] || [[rounded vowel|Rounded]]
|-
! align="left" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA|[[Close front unrounded vowel|i]]}}
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA|[[Near-close near-front rounded vowel|ʏ]]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA|[[Close back rounded vowel|u]]}}
|-
! align="left" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA|[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]}}
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA|[[Open-mid front rounded vowel|œ]]}}
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA|[[Schwa|ə]]}}
| &nbsp;
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[[Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]}}
|-
! align="left" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA|[[Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]}}
| &nbsp;
|}

[[Classical Armenian]] distinguishes seven vowels:
{{IPA|/a/}} (ա), {{IPA|/ɪ/}} (ի), {{IPA|/ə/}} (ը), {{IPA|/ɛ/}} (ե), {{IPA|/e/}} (է), {{IPA|/o/}} (ո and օ) and {{IPA|/u/}} (ու) (transcribed as ''a'', ''i'', ''ë'', ''e'', ''ē'', ''o''/''ò'', and ''ow'' respectively).

<!--Could an expert please put the Armenian rendition of each vowel next to each phoneme?-->

=== Consonants ===

The following table lists the Eastern Armenian consonantal system. The [[stop consonant|occlusives]] and [[affricate]]s have a special aspirated series (transcribed with a Greek ''[[spiritus asper]]'' after the letter): ''{{unicode|p῾}}'', ''{{unicode|t῾}}'', ''{{unicode|c῾}}'', ''{{unicode|č῾}}'', ''{{unicode|k῾}}''. Each phoneme in the table is represented by three symbols. The topmost indicates the phoneme's pronunciation in the [[help:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA); below that appears the corresponding letter of the [[Armenian alphabet]]; and the bottom symbol is its [[Latin alphabet|Latin-alphabet]] [[transliteration]] (according to [[ISO 9985]]).

{| class="wikitable"
! &nbsp;
![[bilabial consonant|bilabial]]
![[labiodental consonant|labio-<br/>dental]]
![[alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
![[palato-alveolar consonant|post-<br/>alveolar]]
![[palatal consonant|palatal]]
![[velar consonant|velar]] /<br />[[uvular consonant|uvular]]
![[glottal consonant|glottal]]
|-
| '''[[plosive consonant|plosive]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA | p&nbsp;&nbsp;b}}<br /> պ&nbsp;&nbsp;բ<br /> p&nbsp;&nbsp;b
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA | t&nbsp;&nbsp;d}}<br /> տ&nbsp;&nbsp;դ<br /> t&nbsp;&nbsp;d
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA | k&nbsp;&nbsp;g}}<br /> կ&nbsp;&nbsp;գ<br /> k&nbsp;&nbsp;g
| &nbsp;
|-
| '''[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] plosive'''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA | pʰ}}<br /> փ<br /> p‘
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA | tʰ}}<br /> թ<br /> t‘
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA | kʰ}}<br /> ք<br /> k‘
| &nbsp;
|-
| '''[[nasal consonant|nasal]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA | m}}<br /> մ<br /> m
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA | n}}<br /> ն<br /> n
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| '''[[fricative consonant|fricative]]'''
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA | f&nbsp;&nbsp;v}}<br /> ֆ&nbsp;&nbsp;վ<br /> f&nbsp;&nbsp;v
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA | s&nbsp;&nbsp;z}}<br /> ս&nbsp;&nbsp;զ<br /> s&nbsp;&nbsp;z
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA | ʃ&nbsp;&nbsp;ʒ}}<br /> շ&nbsp;&nbsp;ժ<br /> š&nbsp;&nbsp;ž
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA | χ&nbsp;&nbsp;ʁ}}<br /> խ&nbsp;&nbsp;ղ<br /> x&nbsp;&nbsp;ġ
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA | h}}<br /> հ<br /> h
|-
| '''[[affricate consonant|affricate]]'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA | t͡s&nbsp;&nbsp;d͡z}}<br /> ծ&nbsp;&nbsp;ձ<br /> ç&nbsp;&nbsp;j
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA | t͡ʃ&nbsp;&nbsp;t͡ʒ}}<br /> ճ&nbsp;&nbsp;ջ<br /> č̣&nbsp;&nbsp;ǰ
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| '''aspirated affricate'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA | t͡sʰ}}<br /> ց<br /> c‘
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA | t͡ʃʰ}}<br /> չ<br /> č
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| '''[[approximant]]'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA | ɹ}}<br /> ր<br /> r
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA | j}}<br /> -յ-<br /> y
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| '''[[Trill consonant|trill]]'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;"|r<br /> ռ<br /> {{IPA|ṙ}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| '''[[lateral consonant|lateral approximant]]'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA | l}}<br /> լ<br /> l
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}

==Morphology==
{{expand-section|date=January 2007}}
[[Image:Manuscript arm 5-6AD.jpg|right|thumb|Armenian manuscript 5-6 cc.]]
Armenian corresponds with other Indo-European languages in its structure, but it shares distinctive sounds and features of its grammar with neighboring languages of the [[Caucasus]] region. Armenian is rich in combinations of consonants. Both classical Armenian and the modern spoken and literary dialects have a complicated system of declining nouns, with six or seven noun cases but no gender. In modern Armenian the use of auxiliary verbs to show tense (comparable to will in "he will go") has generally supplemented the inflected verbs of classical Armenian. Negative verbs are conjugated differently from positive ones (as in English "he goes" and "he does not go"). Grammatically, early forms of Armenian had much in common with classical [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]], but the modern language, like modern Greek, has undergone many transformations. With time the Armenian language made a transition from a synthetic language (Old Armenian or Grabar) to a typical analytic language (Modern Armenian) with Middle Armenian as a midpoint in this transition.

[[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]] studied the Armenian language. He helped to compile an Armenian grammar textbook and translated a few Armenian books into English.

===Noun===
Classical Armenian has no [[grammatical gender]], not even in the pronoun. The nominal inflection, however, preserves several types of inherited stem classes. The noun may take seven cases, [[nominative]], [[accusative case|accusative]], [[locative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], [[ablative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]]. Interestingly enough, it shares the common ''-tion'' noun-forming suffix with Latin (the Armenian cognate is ''t'yown'', թյուն).

===Verb===
{{Main|Armenian verbs}}

Verbs in Armenian have an expansive system of [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] with two main verb types (three in Western Armenian) changing form based on [[Grammatical tense|tense]], [[Grammatical mood|mood]] and [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]].

==Dialects==
The major division is between the Eastern and Western dialects. The most distinctive feature of Western Armenian is that it has undergone several phonetic mergers; these may be due to proximity to Arabic and Turkish-speaking communities.

For example, Eastern Armenian speakers pronounce ({{lang|hy|թ}}) as an aspirated "t" as in "tiger", ({{lang|hy|դ}}) like the "d" in "develop", and ({{lang|hy|տ}}) as an unaspirated voiceless stop, sounding somewhere between the two as in "s'''t'''op." Western Armenian has simplified the stop system into a simple division between voiced stops and voiceless aspirate ones; the first series corresponds to the unaspirated voiceless series of Eastern Armenian, and the second corresponds to the Eastern voiced and aspirated voiceless series. Thus, the Western dialect pronounces both ({{lang|hy|թ}}) and ({{lang|hy|դ}}) as an aspirated "t" as in "tiger," and the ({{lang|hy|տ}}) letter is pronounced like the letter "d" as in "develop."

There is no precise linguistic border between one dialect and another because there is nearly always a dialect transition zone of some size between pairs of geographically identified dialects). The main difference between both blocks are:
*'''[[Western Armenian language|Western Armenian]]''' (''Arevm'tahayeren''):
** example
*'''[[Eastern Armenian language|Eastern Armenian]]''' (''Arevelahayeren''):
** example

Armenian can be subdivided in two major dialectal blocks and those blocks into individual dialects, though many of the Western Armenian dialects have died due to the effects of the Armenian Genocide. In addition, neither dialect is completely homogeneous: any dialect can be subdivided into several subdialects. While Western and Eastern Armenian are often described as different dialects of the same language, some subdialects are not readily mutually intelligible. It is true, however, that a fluent speaker of two greatly varying subdialects who are exposed to the other dialect over even a short period of time will be able to understand the other with relative ease.

''English - Eastern Armenian''
*Yes = Ayo ({{lang|hy|այո}})
*No = Oč ({{lang|hy|ոչ}})
*Excuse me = Neroġowt'iown ({{lang|hy|ներողություն}})
*Hello = Barev ({{lang|hy|բարեւ}})
*Please = Xndrem ({{lang|hy|խնդրեմ}})
*Thank you = Šnorhakal em ({{lang|hy|շնորհակալ եմ}})
*Thank you very much = Šat šnorhakal em ({{lang|hy|շատ շնորհակալ եմ}})
*Welcome = Bari galowst ({{lang|hy|բարի գալուստ}})
*Goodbye = C'tesowt'iown ({{lang|hy|ցտեսություն}})
*Good morning = Bari lowys ({{lang|hy|բարի լույս}})
*Good afternoon = Bari òr ({{lang|hy|բարի օր}})
*Good evening = Bari ereko ({{lang|hy|բարի երեկո}})
*Good night = Bari gišer ({{lang|hy|բարի գիշեր}})
*I love you = Es sirowm em k'ez ({{lang|hy|ես սիրում եմ քեզ}})

''English - Western Armenian''
*Yes = Ayo ({{lang|hy|այո}})
*No = Oč ({{lang|hy|ոչ}})
*Excuse me = Neroġowt'iown ({{lang|hy|ներողութիւն}})
*Hello = Parev ({{lang|hy|բարեւ}})
*Please = Xntrem ({{lang|hy|խնդրեմ}})
*Thank you = Šnorhagal em ({{lang|hy|շնորհակալ եմ}})
*Thank you very much = Šad šnorhagal em ({{lang|hy|շատ շնորհակալ եմ}})
*Welcome = Pari egar / Pari egak ({{lang|hy|բարի եկար / բարի եկաք}})
*Goodbye = C'desowt'iown ({{lang|hy|ցտեսութիւն}})
*Good morning = Pari lowys ({{lang|hy|բարի լոյս}})
*Good afternoon = Pari òr ({{lang|hy|բարի օր}})
*Good evening = Parirgown / Pari irigown ({{lang|hy|բարի իրկուն / բարի իրիկուն}})
*Good night = Kišer pari ({{lang|hy|գիշեր բարի}})

== Historical Armenian Dialects==
In 1909, linguist Herachyah Adjarian surveyed many of the Armenian dialects in what is now present day Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Iran, and other surrounding countries settled by Armenians. Unlike the traditional dialect division of Armenian into western and eastern dialects, Adjarian divided Armenian into three main dialects based on which indicative particles are used. He labeled them as the -owm dialects, gë dialects, and -el dialects. These three major dialects were further divided in sub-dialects.

'''-owm Dialects:'''

*1. Yerevan, Doğubeyazit, Tabriz (Kala and Lilava quarters), Gavar, Kamo
*2. Tbilisi (Havlabar quarter)
*3. Shusha, Ganja, Shaki, Baku, Derbent, Agstafa, Dilijan, Vanadzor, Qazakh, Lori, Karadagh, Mujumbar, Tabriz (Lilava quarter), Burdur, Ödemiş
*4. Shamaki, Quba
*5. Astrakhan
*6. Julfa, Isfahan (New Julfa quarter), Shiraz, Hamadan, Bushehr, Tehran, Qazvin, Rasht, Bandar-e Anzali
*7. Aşağı Əylis, Çǝnǝnǝb, Yuxarı Əylis, Yuxarı Əndǝli, Danagyrt, Urmis, Dasta, Kyalaki

'''gë Dialects:'''

*1. Erzerum, Kars, Gyumri, Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe
*2. Muş, Sason, Bitlis, Hizan, Ahlat, Erciş, Bulanık, Malazgirt, Hinis, Eleşkirt, Aparan, Eshtia, Ujmana, Toria
*3. Van, Diadin, Mukus, Buşkale, Çatak, Basargecher
*4. Diyarbakır, Lice, Hazro, Kozluk, Hizan, Siverek, Şanlıurfa
*5. Harput, Erzincan, Palu, Bingöl, Çemişgezek, Akpazar, Kigi, Tunceli, Kemah
*6. Şebinkarahisar, Akıncılar
*7. Trabzon, Bayburt, Gümüşhane, Giresun
*8. Hemşin, Trabzon, Ünye, Fatsa, Terme, Çarşamba, Samsun, Sukhumi, Sochi, Mtsara, Tsebelda, Adler, Shapsugskaya
*9. Malatya, Adıyaman
*10. Saimbeyli, Süleymanlı, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, İskenderun, Yakacik, Samandağ
*11. Aramo
*12. Arapgir, Divriği, Gürün, Darende, Kayseri, Yozgat
*13. Kemaliye
*14. Sivas
*15. Tokat, Amasya, Merzifon, Ordu, Samsun, Sinop
*16. İzmir
*17. İzmit, Adapazarı, Yalova, Bahçecik, Geyve, İznik, Pazarköy, Karamürsel, Aslanbey, Ortaköy, Sölöz, Benli
*18. Istanbul
*19. Tekirdağ, Malkara
*20. Nor Nakhichevan, Rostov-on-Don, Stavropol, Krasnodar, Dnipropetrovsk, Anapa, Maykop, Taganrog, Prymorsk, Novocherkassk, Dneprovskaya
*21. Poland, Bukovina, Transylvania, Hungary
*22. Jerusalem (K'aġak'ac'i dialect), not in Adjarian but mentioned by Vaux as likely coming from Cilicia

'''-el Dialects:'''
*1. Maragheh
*2. Khoy, Maku, Iğdir, Kori, Alighuli, Mughanjugh, Karashen, Alilu, Angeghakot, Ghushchi, Tazakend, Uz, Mazra, Balak, Shaghat, Ltsen, Sisian, Nerkin Kilisa
*3. Artvin, Ardahan, Ardanuç, Oltu

==Indo-European linguistic comparison==
Armenian is an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]], and so many of its [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]-descended words are [[cognate]]s of words in other Indo-European languages such as [[English language|English]], [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[Sanskrit]]. This table lists only some of the more recognizable cognates that Armenian shares with English (more specifically, with English words descended from the [[Old English language|Old English(Anglo-Saxon) language]]). (Source: Online Etymology Dictionary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=a |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=etymonline.com |accessdate=2007-06-07}}</ref>)
{| class="wikitable"
! Armenian || [[English language|English]]|| [[Classical Latin|Latin]] || [[Greek language|Classical and Hellenistic Greek]] || [[Sanskrit]] ||[[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]]
|-
| '''mayr''' "mother" || '''mother''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mōdor'')|| '''māter''' "mother"|| '''mētēr''' "mother"|| '''mātṛ''' "mother" || '''{{PIE|*máH₂ter-}}''' "mother"
|-
| '''hayr''' "father" || '''father''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fæder'')|| '''pater''' "father"|| '''patēr''' "father"|| '''pitṛ''' "father" || '''{{PIE|*pH₂tér-}}''' "father"
|-
| '''eġbayr''' "brother" || '''brother''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''brōþor''<ref name='þ'>The letter 'þ' was used in the Old English alphabet, and it was eventually replaced by the letters "th".</ref>)|| '''frāter''' "brother"|| '''phrātēr''' "brother"|| '''bhrātṛ''' "brother" || '''{{PIE|*bʰráH₂ter-}}''' "brother"
|-
| '''dowstr''' "daughter" || '''daughter''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''dohtor'')|| '''futrei'''<ref name='Oscan'>The word "futrei" (daughter) in the Latin column is actually from an [[Italic languages|Italic]] [[sister language]] called [[Oscan]].</ref> "daughter"|| '''thugatēr''' "daughter"|| '''duhitṛ''' "daughter" || '''{{PIE|*dʰugH₂-tér-}}''' "daughter"
|-
| '''kin''' "woman" || '''queen''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cƿēn<ref name='ƿ'>The letter 'ƿ' was used in the Old English alphabet to represent the sound /w/, which was eventually replaced by the letter "w".</ref> "queen, woman, wife"'')|| ''' '''|| '''gunē''' "a woman, a wife"|| '''gnā/jani''' "woman" || '''{{PIE|*gʷén-eH₂-}}''' "woman, wife"
|-
| '''im''' "my" || '''my, mine''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''min'')|| '''mei''' "my"|| '''emeo''' "my"|| '''mama''' "my"|| '''{{PIE|*mene-}}''' "my, mine"
|-
| '''anown''' "name" || '''name''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nama'')|| '''nōmen''' "name"|| '''onoma''' "name"|| '''nāman''' "name" || '''{{PIE|*H₁noH₃m-n̥-}}''' "name"
|-
| '''owt'''' "8" || '''eight''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''eahta'')|| '''octō''' "eight"|| '''oktō''' "eight"|| '''aṣṭa''' "eight" || '''{{PIE|*H₁oḱtō(u)}}''' "eight"
|-
| '''inë''' "9" || '''nine''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nigon'')|| '''novem''' "nine"|| '''ennea''' "nine"|| '''nava''' "nine" || '''{{PIE|*(H₁)néwn̥}}''' "nine"
|-
| '''tas''' "10" || '''ten''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tien'') (< [[P.Gmc.]] ''*tekhan'')|| '''decem''' "ten"|| '''deka''' "ten"|| '''daśa''' "ten" || '''{{PIE|*déḱm̥}}''' "ten"
|-
| '''ačk'''' "eye" || '''eye''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēge'')|| '''oculus''' "eye"|| '''ophthalmos''' "eye"|| '''akṣan''' "eye"|| '''{{PIE|*H₃okʷ-}}''' "to see"
|-
| '''armownk''' "elbow" || '''arm''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''earm "joined body parts below shoulder"'')|| '''armus''' "shoulder" || '''arthron''' "a joint"|| '''īrma''' "arm"|| '''{{PIE|*H₁ar-mo-}}''' "fit, join (that which is fitted together)"
|-
| '''çownk'''<ref name='ts'>The letter 'ç' is pronounced like the consonant cluster "ts", and in the Armenian words "çownk", "gorç", "meç", and "ançanot'", it corresponds to the PIE *g.</ref> "knee" || '''knee''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cnēo'')|| '''genū,''' "knee"|| '''gonu''' "knee"|| '''jānu''' "knee"|| '''{{PIE|*ǵénu-}}''' "knee"
|-
| '''otk'''' "foot" || '''foot''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fōt'')|| '''pedis''' "foot" || '''podi''' "foot"|| '''pāda''' "foot" || '''{{PIE|*pod-, *ped-}}''' "foot"
|-
| '''sirt''' "heart"|| '''heart''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''heorte'')|| '''cor''' "heart"|| '''kardia''' "heart"|| '''hṛdaya''' "heart"|| '''{{PIE|*ḱerd-}}''' "heart"
|-
| '''kaši''' "skin" || '''hide''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hȳdan "animal skin cover"'')|| '''cutis''' "skin"|| '''keuthō''' "to cover, to hide"|| '''kuṭīra''' "hut"|| '''{{PIE|*keu-}}''' "to cover, conceal"
|-
| '''mowk''' "mouse" || '''mouse''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mūs'')|| '''mūs''' "mouse"|| '''mus''' "mouse"|| '''mūṣ''' "mouse" || '''{{PIE|*muH₁s-}}''' "mouse, small rodent"
|-
| '''kov''' "cow" || '''cow''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cū'')|| '''bum'''<ref name='Umbrian'>The words "bum" (cow), "pir" (fire) and "utur" (water) in the Latin column are actually from an [[Italic languages|Italic]] [[sister language]] called [[Umbrian]].</ref> "cow" || '''bous''' "cow" || '''go''' "cow" || '''{{PIE|*gʷou-}}''' "cow"
|-
| '''šown''' "hound" || '''hound''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hund "hound, dog"'')|| '''canis''' "hound, dog" (canine)|| '''kuōn''' "hound, dog"|| '''śvan''' "dog" || '''{{PIE|*ḱwon-}}''' "hound, dog"
|-
| '''tari''' "year" || '''year''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''gēar'')|| '''hōrnus''' "of this year"|| '''ōra''' "year"|| '''yare'''<ref name='Avestan'>The word "yare" (year) in the Sanskrit column is actually from an [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] sister language called [[Avestan language|Avestan]].</ref> "year"|| '''{{PIE|*yeH₁r-}}''' "year"
|-
| '''amis''' "month" || '''moon, month''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mōnaþ''<ref name='þ'/>)|| '''mēnsis''' "month"|| '''mēn''' "moon, month"|| '''māsa''' "moon, month"|| '''{{PIE|*meH₁ns- }}''' "moon, month"
|-
| '''amaṙ''' "summer" || '''summer''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sumor'')|| ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''samā''' "season"|| '''{{PIE|*sem-}}''' "hot season of the year"
|-
| '''ǰerm''' "warm" || '''burn''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''beornan'')|| '''formus''' "warm"|| '''thermos''' "warm"|| '''gharma''' "heat" || '''{{PIE|*gʷʰerm-}}''' "warm"
|-
| '''lowys''' "light" || '''light''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''lēoht "brightness"'')|| '''lucere, lux, lucidus''' "to shine, light, clear"|| '''leukos''' "bright, shining, white"|| '''roca''' "shining"|| '''{{PIE|*leuk-}}''' "light, brightness"
|-
| '''howr''' "flame" || '''fire''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fȳr'')|| '''pir'''<ref name='Umbrian'/> "fire"|| '''pur''' "fire"|| '''pu''' "fire"|| '''{{PIE|*péH₂wr̥- }}''' "fire"
|-
| '''heṙow''' "far" || '''far''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''feor "to a great distance"'')|| '''per''' "through"|| '''pera''' "beyond"|| '''paras''' "beyond"|| '''{{PIE|*per-}}''' "through, across, beyond"
|-
| '''helowm''' "I pour" || '''flow''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''flōƿan''<ref name='ƿ'/>)|| '''pluĕre''' "to rain"|| '''plenō''' "to wash"|| '''plu''' "to swim"|| '''{{PIE|*pleu-}}''' "flow, float"
|-
| '''owtem''' "I eat" || '''eat''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''etan'')|| '''edulis''' "edible"|| '''edō''' "I eat"|| '''admi''' "I eat"|| '''{{PIE|*ed-}}''' "to eat"
|-
| '''gitem''' "I know" || '''wit''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ƿit<ref name='ƿ'/>, ƿitan<ref name='ƿ'/> "intelligence, to know"'')|| '''vidēre''' "to see" || '''idei''' "I know"|| '''vid''' "to know" || '''{{PIE|*weid-}}''' "to know, to see"
|-
| '''get''' "river" || '''water''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ƿæter<ref name='ƿ'/>'')|| '''utur'''<ref name='Umbrian'/> "water"|| '''hudōr''' "water"|| '''udan''' "water"|| '''{{PIE|(*wodor, *wedor, *uder-) from *wed-}}''' "water"
|-
| '''gorç'''<ref name='ts'/> "work " || '''work''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ƿeorc<ref name='ƿ'/>'')|| '''urgēre''' "push, drive"|| '''ergon''' "work"|| '''varcas''' "activity"|| '''{{PIE|*werǵ-}}''' "to work"
|-
| '''meç'''<ref name='ts'/> "great " || '''much''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mycel "great, big, many"'')|| '''magnus''' "great"|| '''megas''' "great, large"|| '''mahant''' "great"|| '''{{PIE|*meǵ-}}''' "great"
|-
| '''ançanot''''<ref name='ts'/> "stranger, unfamiliar" || '''unknown''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''uncnaƿen<ref name='ƿ'/>'')|| '''ignōtus'''<ref name='not'>The prefixes for "not" in Latin are "in-" and "i-", and "an-" and "a-" in Greek and Sanskrit, which correspond to the PIE *n-.</ref>, '''ignōrāntem'''<ref name='not'/> "unknown, ignorant"|| '''agnōstos'''<ref name='not'/> "unknown"|| '''ajñāta'''<ref name='not'/> "unfamiliar" || '''{{PIE|*n- + *ǵneH₃-}}''' "not" + "to know"
|-
| '''meṙaç''' "dead" || '''murder''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''morþor''<ref name='þ'/>)|| '''mortalis''' "mortal" || '''ambrotos''' "immortal"|| '''mṛta''' "dead" || '''{{PIE|*mrtro-, from (*mor-, *mr-)}}''' "to die"
|-
| '''mēǰteġ''' "middle" || '''mid, middle''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mid, middel'')|| '''medius''' "middle"|| '''mesos''' "middle"|| '''madhya''' "middle"|| '''{{PIE|*medʰyo- from *me-}}''' "mid, middle"
|-
| '''ayl''' "other" || '''else''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''elles "other, otherwise, different"'')|| '''alius, alienus''' "other, another"|| '''allos''' "other, another"|| '''anya''' "other"|| '''{{PIE|*al-}}''' "beyond, other"
|-
| '''nor''' "new" || '''new''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nīƿe<ref name='ƿ'/>'')|| '''novus''' "new" || '''neos''' "new"|| '''nava''' "new" || '''{{PIE|*néwo-}}''' "new"
|-
| '''dowṙ''' "door" || '''door''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''dor, duru'')|| '''fores''' "door"|| '''thura''' "door"|| '''dvār''' "door" || '''{{PIE|*dʰwer-}}''' "door, doorway, gate"
|-
| '''town''' "house" || '''timber''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''timber "trees used for building material, structure"'')|| '''domus''' "house"|| '''domos''' "house"|| '''dama''' "house" || '''{{PIE|*domo-, *domu-}}''' "house"
|-
| '''berri, berel''' "fertile, carry" || '''bear''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''beran "give birth, carry"'')|| '''ferre, fertilis''' "to bear, fertile"|| '''pherein''' "to carry"|| '''bharati''' "carry" || '''{{PIE|*bʰer-}}''' "to bear, to carry"
|}

==See also==
*[[Language families and languages]]
*[[List of Indo-European languages]]
*[[Armenian alphabet]]
*[[Western Armenian language]]
*[[Eastern Armenian language]]
*[[Graeco-Armenian]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
<div class="references-small">
* Adjarian, Herchyah H. (1909) ''Classification des dialectes arméniens, par H. Adjarian.'' Paris: Honoro Champion.
* Clackson, James. 1994. ''The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek.'' London: Publications of the Philological Society, No 30. (and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing)
* Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) ''Indo-European Language and Culture.'' Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
* Hübschmann, Heinrich (1875) "Über die Stellung des armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen," ''Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung'' 23.5-42. [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie-docs/lehmann/reader/Chapter12.html English translation]
* [[J.P. Mallory|Mallory, J. P.]] (1989) ''In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth.'' London: Thames & Hudson.
* Vaux, Bert. 1998. ''The Phonology of Armenian.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press.
*Vaux, Bert. 2002. "The Armenian dialect of Jeruslame." in Armenians in the Holy Land. "Louvain: Peters.
</div>

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Armenian language}}
{{InterWiki|code=hy}}
{{Wiktionarylang|code=hy}}
{{WikisourceWiki|code=hy}}
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hye Ethnologue report on Armenian]
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/armenian.htm The Armenian alphabet]
*[http://www.sd-editions.com/LALT/home.html On-line Armenian dictionaries]
*[http://www.language-museum.com/a/armenian.php Armenian]
*[http://armenianlanguage.org/ ARMENIAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES]

{{Armenia-related topics}}

[[Category:Armenian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Armenia]]
[[Category:Languages of Turkey]]
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[[Category:Languages of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Ancient languages]]

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