Association_for_Computing

{{Infobox Organization
| name = Association for Computing Machinery
| image = ACM_4C_vector_80.png
| image_border =
| size = 80x80
| caption =
| formation = [[1947]]
| type =
| headquarters = [[New York, NY]]
| location =
| membership = 83,000
| language =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Stuart Feldman]]
| key_people =
| num_staff =
| budget =
| website = http://www.acm.org
}}

The '''Association for Computing Machinery''', or '''ACM''', was founded in [[1947]] as the world's first scientific and educational [[computing]] society. Its membership is around 83,000 as of 2007. Its headquarters are in [[New York City]].

== Activities ==
[[Image:Twopennplaza.jpg|thumb|right|Two Penn Plaza site of the ACM headquarters in New York City]]
ACM is organized into over 170 local chapters and 34 [[Special Interest Group]]s (SIGs), through which it conducts most of its activities. Additionally, there are over 500 college and university [http://www.acm.org/chapters/stu/ chapters]. The first student chapter was founded in 1961 at the [[University of Louisiana at Lafayette]].

Many of the SIGs, like [[ACM SIGGRAPH|SIGGRAPH]], [[SIGPLAN]] and [[SIGCOMM]], sponsor regular conferences which have become famous as the dominant venue for presenting new innovations in certain fields. The groups also publish a large number of specialized journals, magazines, and newsletters.

ACM also sponsors other computer science related events such as the worldwide [[ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest]] (ICPC), and has sponsored some other events such as the chess match between [[Garry Kasparov]] and the [[IBM Deep Blue]] computer.

== Services ==
ACM Press publishes a prestigious academic journal,
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''[[Journal of the ACM]]'', and general magazines for computer professionals, ''[[Communications of the ACM]]'' (also known as ''Communications'' or ''CACM'') and ''[[ACM Queue|Queue]]''. Other publications of the ACM include:
*''[[ACM Crossroads]]'', the most popular student computing journal in USA
*A number of journals, specific to subfields of computer science, titled ''ACM Transactions''. Some of the more prominent transactions include:
**''[[ACM Transactions on Computer Systems]]'' (TOCS)
**''[[ACM Transactions on Database Systems]]'' (TODS)
**''[[ACM Transactions on Graphics]]'' (TOG)
**''[[ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems]]'' (TOPLAS)

Although ''Communications'' no longer publishes primary research, and is not considered a prestigious venue, many of the great debates and results in computing history have been published in its pages. Examples include:
*[[Edsger W. Dijkstra]]'s famous letter inveighing against the use of [[GOTO]] ("Go To statement considered harmful", ''CACM'' 11(3):147-148, March 1968).
*Dijkstra's original paper on the [[THE operating system]]. This paper's appendix, arguably even more influential than its main body, introduced [[Semaphore (programming)|semaphore]]-based synchronization ("Structure of the 'THE'-Multiprogramming System", ''CACM'' 11(5):341-346, May 1968).
*[[Ronald L. Rivest]], [[Adi Shamir]], and [[Leonard M. Adleman]]'s first public-key cryptosystem ([[RSA]]) ("A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems", ''CACM'' 21(2):120-126, February 1978).
*The "Revised report on the algorithm language ALGOL 60": A landmark paper in [[programming language]] design describing the result of the international [[ALGOL]] committee (''CACM'' 6(1):1-17, January 1963).
*[[Kristen Nygaard]] and [[Ole-Johan Dahl]]'s original paper on [[Simula]]-68 ("Simula: An ALGOL-based simulation language", ''CACM'' 9(9):671-678).
*the issue of what to call the then-fledgling field of [[computer science]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
*the issue of changing ACM's name, since the "machinery" in question is no longer the size of a house and is now measured in micrometres (all three attempts at changing ACM's name have failed).{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

ACM has made almost all of its publications available online at its [http://portal.acm.org/dl.cfm Digital Library] and also has a [http://portal.acm.org/guide.cfm Guide to Computing Literature]. It also offers insurance and other services to its members.

== Digital Library ==
The ([http://portal.acm.org/dl.cfm ACM Digital Library]) contains a comprehensive archive of the organization's journals, magazines, and conference proceedings. Online services include a forum called Ubiquity and Tech News digest.

ACM requires the copyright of all submissions to be assigned to the organization as a condition of publishing the work. [http://www.acm.org/pubs/copyright_policy/] Authors may post the documents on their own websites, but they are required to link back to the digital library's reference page for the paper. Though authors are not allowed to charge for access to copies of their work, downloading a copy from the ACM site requires a paid subscription.

== Competition ==
ACM's primary historical competitor has been the [[IEEE Computer Society]], which is the largest subgroup of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]. The IEEE focuses more on hardware and standardization issues than theoretical [[computer science]], but there is considerable overlap with the ACM's agenda. They occasionally cooperate on projects like developing computer science curricula. [http://www.sigcse.org/cc2001/cs-executive-summary.html]

There is also a mounting challenge to the ACM's publication practices coming from the [[open access]] movement. Some authors see a centralized peer-review process as less relevant and publish on their home pages or on unreviewed sites like [[arXiv]]. Other organizations have sprung up which do their peer review entirely free and online, such as [[Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research|Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR)]], [[Journal of Machine Learning Research|Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR)]] and the [http://dl.acs.org.au/index.php/jrpit Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology].

== Fellows ==
The '''ACM Fellows Program''' was established by Council of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1993 "to recognize and honor outstanding ACM members for their achievements in computer science and information technology and for their significant contributions to the mission of the ACM."

There are presently about 500 Fellows out of about 60,000 professional members.

A full list can be found on [http://fellows.acm.org/ ACM's Website].

== Special Interest Groups ==
{{further|[[Special Interest Group]]}}
* [[SIGACCESS]]: Accessibility and Computing
* [[SIGACT]]: Algorithms and Computation Theory
* [[SIGAda]]: [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] Programming Language
* [[SIGAPL]]: [[APL (programming language)|APL]] Programming Language
* [[SIGAPP]]: Applied Computing
* [[SIGARCH]]: Computer Architecture
* [[SIGART]]: Artificial Intelligence
* [[SIGBED]]: Embedded Systems
* [[SIGCAS]]: Computers and Society
* [[SIGCHI]]: Computer-Human Interaction
* [[SIGCOMM]]: Data Communication
* [[SIGCSE]]: Computer Science Education
* [[SIGDA]]: Design Automation
* [[SIGDOC]]: Design of Communication
* [[SIGecom]]: Electronic Commerce
* [[SIGEVO]]: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation
* [[SIGGRAPH]]: Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
* [[ACM Multimedia|SIGMM]]: Multimedia
* [[Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval|SIGIR]]: Information Retrieval
* [[SIGITE]]: Information Technology Education
* [[SIGKDD]]: Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
* [[SIGMETRICS]]: Measurement and Evaluation
* [[SIGMICRO]]: Microarchitecture
* [[SIGMIS]]: Management Information Systems
* [[SIGMM]]: Multimedia [http://www.sigmm.org/]
* [[SIGMOBILE]]: Mobility of Systems, Users, Data and Computing
* [[SIGMOD]]: Management of Data
* [[SIGOPS]]: Operating Systems
* [[SIGPLAN]]: Programming Languages
* [[SIGSAC]]: Security, Audit, and Control
* [[SIGSAM]]: Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation
* [[SIGSIM]]: Simulation and Modeling
* [[SIGSOFT]]: Software Engineering
* [[SIGUCCS]]: University and College Computing Services
* [[ACM SIGWEB|SIGWEB]]: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web

== Conferences ==

The ACM sponsors numerous conferences listed below. Most of the special interest groups also have an annual conference. ACM conferences are often very popular publishing venues and are therefore very competitive. For example, the 2006 WWW conference only accepted 14% of the long papers that were submitted, and CIKM only accepted 15% in 2005.

* [http://www.cikm.org/ CIKM]: Conference on Information and Knowledge Management
* [http://www.dac.com/ DAC]: Digital Automation Conference
* [http://www.acm.org/fcrc/ FCRC]: Federated Computing Research Conference
* [http://www.sigevo.org/gecco-2006/ GECCO]: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference
* [http://www.graphicshardware.org/ Graphics Hardware]
* [http://www.ht07.org/ Hypertext]: Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia
* [http://www.jcdl.org/ JCDL]: Joint Conference on Digital Libraries
* [[OOPSLA]]: International conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications
* [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/www/ WWW]: International conference on World Wide Web

== Leadership ==
The President of the ACM for 2006–2008 is [[Stuart Feldman]] of [[Google]].

ACM is led by a Council consisting of the President, Vice-President, Treasurer, Past President, SIG Governing Board Chair, Publications Board Chair, three representatives of the SIG Governing Board, and seven Members-At-Large. This institution is often referred to simply as "Council" in ''Communications of the ACM''.

== Infrastructure ==

ACM has five “Boards” that make up various committees and subgroups, to help Headquarters staff maintain quality services and products. These boards are as follows:

# Publications Board
# SIG Governing Board
# Education Board
# Membership Services Board
# Professions Board

== ACM's Committee on Women in Computing ==
ACM's committee on [[women in computing]] is set up to support, inform, celebrate, and work with women in computing. Dr. [[Anita Borg]] was a great supporter of ACM-W. ACM-W provides various resources for women in computing as well as high school girls interested in the field. ACM-W also reaches out internationally to those women who are involved and interested in computing.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Timeline of computing 750 BC-1949|Timeline of computing (750 BC – 1949)]]
*[[Edmund Berkeley]], co-founder
* [[ACM Classification Scheme]]
* [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]], awarded by the ACM
* [[Turing Award]]
* [[Artificial Intelligence]]
* [[Franz Alt (mathematician)|Dr. Franz Alt]], former president.
* [[Bernard Galler]], former president.
* ''[[ACM Crossroads]]'', one of its magazines
* ''[[ACM Transactions on Graphics]]'', one of the journals its publishes.
* [[ACM Guide to Computing Literature]], a database of computer science literature
* [[UP ACM]], the only ACM chapter in the [[Philippines]] and three-time Chapter Excellence winner.

== External links ==
* [http://www.acm.org/ ACM official website]
* [http://portal.acm.org/ ACM portal] for publications
* [http://acm.org/sigs/guide98.html ACM Special Interest Groups]
* [http://fellows.acm.org/ List of ACM Fellows]
* [http://horning.blogspot.com/2006/10/making-case-for-acm-fellow.html Making the case for an ACM Fellow]

[[Category:Association for Computing Machinery| ]]
[[Category:American professional bodies]]
[[Category:Computer science organizations]]
[[Category:Computer-related organizations]]
[[Category:International nongovernmental organizations]]
[[Category:Learned societies]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1947]]

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