{{portal|Christianity}}
The '''Athanasian Creed''' (''Quicumque vult'') is a statement of [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Trinity|Trinitarian]] doctrine and [[Christology]] that was used in [[Western Christianity]]. Its Latin name comes from the opening words ''Quicumque vult'', "Whosoever wishes."

== Authorship ==

Beginning in the [[9th century]], the Athanasian Creed was ascribed to [[Athanasius of Alexandria|St. Athanasius]], Archbishop of [[Alexandria]], who lived in the [[4th century]]. This view was contested in the [[17th century]] and is rejected today.<ref> Lueker, Erwin, ed. ''Lutheran Cyclopedia: A Concise In-Home Reference for the Christian Family''. "Ecumenical Creeds." St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House, 1984.</ref> Reasons for rejecting Athanasius as the author are: 1) The creed originally was written in Latin. 2) It is not mentioned by Athanasius or his contemporaries. 3) It appears to address Christological controversies that developed after Athanasius died.<ref> ''Concordia Triglotta,'' Historical Introduction, St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House, 1921, p. 13. </ref>

Most of today's historians agree that it originated in Gaul around 500. Its [[theology]] is closely akin to that found in the writing of Western theologians, especially Ss. [[Ambrose of Milan]], [[Augustine of Hippo]], and [[Vincent of Lerins|Vincent of Lérins]]. J.N.D. Kelly, a contemporary [[patristics]] scholar, believes that St. Vincent of Lérin was not its author, but suggests that it may have come from the same milieu, namely the area of Lerins in southern Gaul.<ref>J.N.D. Kelly, ''The Athanasian Creed'', NY: Harper and Row, 1964.</ref>

== Content ==
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=== The Trinity ===
The first half of the creed confesses the [[Trinity]] (one God in three persons). With didactic repetition it ascribes divine majesty and characteristics to the [[God_the_Father#Christianity|Father]], the [[Christian_views_of_Jesus|Son]], and the [[Holy Spirit]], each individually. At the same time it clearly states that, although all three are individually divine, they are not three gods but one God. Furthermore, although one God, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are distinct from each other. For the Father is neither made nor begotten; the Son is not made but is begotten from the Father; the Holy Spirit is neither made nor begotten but proceeds from the Father and the Son ([[filioque]]).

The Athanasian Creed is in large part a response to charges of polytheism, and attempts to rationalize the three distinct divinities.

Although the Creed uses terms, such as ''person'' and ''substance'', it does not try to define them philosophically.

The Creed's wording excludes both [[Sabellianism]] and [[Arianism]]. A need for a clear confession against Arianism arose in western Europe when the [[Ostrogoths]] and [[Visigoths]], who had Arian beliefs, invaded at the beginning of the 5th century.

=== Christology ===

It was designed to overcome [[Arianism]], [[Nestorianism]], [[Monophysitism]], and [[Binitarianism|Macedonianism]].

== Uses ==

Liturgically, this Creed was recited at the Sunday Office of [[Prime (liturgy)|Prime]] in the Western Church; it is not used in the Eastern Church.

Today the Athanasian Creed is rarely used even in the Western Church.

In Reformed circles, it is included (for example) in the Christian Reformed Churches of Australia's Book of Forms (publ. 1991). That said, it is rarely recited in public worship.

In Roman Catholic churches, it was traditionally said at Prime on Sundays after Epiphany and Pentecost, except when a Double feast or day within an octave occurred, and on Trinity Sunday. In the 1960 reforms, it was reduced to once a year on [[Trinity Sunday]]. It has been effectively dropped from the Catholic liturgy since Vatican II, although it is retained in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.

In [[Lutheranism]], the Athanasian Creed is -- along with the [[Apostles' Creed|Apostles']] and [[Nicene Creed]]s -- one of the three [[ecumenical creeds]] placed at the beginning of the 1580 [[Book of Concord]], the historic collection of authoritative doctrinal statements (confessions) of the Lutheran church. It is still used in the liturgy on Trinity Sunday.

==References==
<references />

== See also ==

*[[Creed]]
*[[Apostles' Creed]]
*[[Nicene Creed]]
*[[Shield of the Trinity]]

==Scholarly edition and annotated translation==

There is a scholarly comparative edition of the original Latin text of the Athanasian creed, along with commentary on the older English translation at [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds2.iv.i.iv.html http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds2.iv.i.iv.html]

==External links==
* [http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/TOC.htm Background information, plus his actual writings]
* [http://www.elca.org/communication/creeds/athanasian.html The Athanasian Creed]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/quicumque.html ''Quicumque vult''] in Latin and English
* [http://www.wlsessays.net/Authors/K/KruegerOrigin/KruegerOrigin.pdf The Origin and Terminology of the Athanasian Creed by Robert H. Krueger]

[[Category:Ancient Roman Christianity]]
[[Category:Book of Concord]]
[[Category:Christian confessions, creeds and statements of faith]]
[[Category:Christian texts]]
[[Category:Trinitarianism]]


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